Tuesday, April 30, 2019

image 137: Reprint of 1918 Rufus Woods article; Drilling






image 136: Dam Site, Mid June, 1934






image 135: Grand Coulee World, June 14, 1934






The Margaret Seaton Scrapbooks: book 1, part 9


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Continuing with images 121 through 135. Note that at the upper left before each image is a link, "large view here." This takes you to a high resolution scan.


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image 134: Grand Coulee Used Cars, General Store, Name Town






image 133: Grand Coulee Firsts, Power Ferries






image 132: Grand Coulee Main Street






Monday, April 29, 2019

image 131: Frisco Bar, Dreamland






image 130: Rail Line, Bond,Airport, etc.






image 129: Bluff near Vantage





image 128: Petrified Douglas Fir Stump






image 127: Petrified Walnut Log






image 126: Gorge, Petrified Ginkgo






images 124, 125: Methodist Superintendent Recalls Trips










image 123: Diesel Power Plant, Clearyville






image 122: End of Sam Seaton's Ferry 2






image 121: End of Sam Seaton's Ferry






In the news, Friday, April 19, 2019


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APR 18      INDEX      APR 20
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from CNN

Mueller's report looks bad for Obama
The partisan warfare over the Mueller report will rage, but one thing cannot be denied: Former President Barack Obama looks just plain bad. On his watch, the Russians meddled in our democracy while his administration did nothing about it. The Mueller report flatly states that Russia began interfering in American democracy in 2014. Over the next couple of years, the effort blossomed into a robust attempt to interfere in our 2016 presidential election. The Obama administration knew this was going on and yet did nothing. In 2016, Obama's National Security Adviser Susan Rice told her staff to "stand down" and "knock it off" as they drew up plans to "strike back" against the Russians, according to an account from Michael Isikoff and David Corn in their book "Russian Roulette: The Inside Story of Putin's War on America and the Election of Donald Trump".

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from Competitive Enterprise Institute

EPA Mercury Rule an Inappropriate Exercise of Regulatory Power
On Wednesday, I submitted comments on the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) proposal to rescind its justification for the 2012 Mercury Air Toxics Standards (MATS) rule. MATS established first-ever maximum achievable control technology (MACT) standards for mercury and other hazardous air pollutant (HAP) emissions from coal- and oil-fueled power plants. MATS is among the most expensive regulations in the history of the Clean Air Act. The Edison Electric Institute, which supports the rule, estimates that since 2012, owners and operators of coal and oil power plants have spent more than $18 billion to comply. The EPA is not proposing to remove power plants from the list of stationary sources subject to MACT standards, nor to rescind the MATS rule or its emission standards. Rather, the agency proposes to revoke its determination, first made in 2000 and later affirmed in 2012 and 2016, that MACT regulation of power plants is “appropriate and necessary.” The EPA now believes such regulation is not “appropriate” because the costs are out of all proportion to the benefits.

Blocking the T-Mobile-Sprint Merger: Competition, Rent-Seeking, and Uncertainty
Nationwide 5G networks are coming. They will expand possibilities for everything from smartphone applications to GPS to streaming video, and will enable new technologies that have not yet been invented. President Trump wants the U.S. to be a world leader in 5G adoption. But his Justice Department’s antitrust division might hinder that goal by blocking the proposed merger between Sprint and T-Mobile. The antitrust division’s rationale is that the deal would decrease the number of major wireless carriers from four to three. But my colleague Jessica Melugin argues that without the merger, the number of carriers might actually be two: “T-Mobile and Sprint will [need to] be able to combine their resources [in order to] stay competitive with Verizon and AT&T, and hopefully help the mobile communications industry in the United States win the race to build the first 5G network.” Together, they might survive. Apart, both might go under.

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from Conciliar Post

Last month I wrote a post called the “The Necessity of Contingency.” It was largely a response to an earlier post by AJ, though I also addressed some other issues surrounding the label of “Calvinism.” My basic argument, however, was that Reformed theology, properly understood, does not espouse determinism, and that the idea of real contingencies are essential to the Reformed conception of God’s sovereignty and man’s freedom.

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from Hoover Institution
Nonprofit Organization in Stanford, California

“Hail Caesar!” Again And Again
By his own account, Julius Caesar was a brilliant soldier, and his masterful prose obscures his later misrule. Brutus didn’t draw his dagger because he was having a bad-toga day. In his time, Caesar set the pattern for repeated—all but countless—military moves against the Roman state and, consequently, rule by ill-suited emperors, with here and there a blood-sustained triumvirate or a doomed duopoly inserted between one-man reigns. The Roman Empire was not destroyed by barbarians, but by soldiers determined to fix it. That pattern may be Rome’s most-relevant legacy.

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from HumanProgress.org  Education Website

Heroes of Progress, Pt. 16: Abel Wolman and Linn Enslow
Introducing the men who discovered how to safely use chlorine to purify water, Abel Wolman and Linn Enslow.

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from Intellectual Takeout
Nonprofit Organization in Bloomington, Minnesota

Larger Schools May Be Driving Teen Suicide Rates Higher
Suicide was the second leading cause of death for teens in 2016, and the teen suicide rate jumped 70 percent over the previous ten years, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. There are many reasons one could find for the nation’s increased teen suicide rate. These include the decline of religion and community, the increasing number of broken homes and the lack of family support, and the harsh and divisive community substitute that many teens turn to through social media. But there’s another possibility many of us overlook: school size.

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from Media Research Center (MRC)
(& CNSNews.com & NewsBusters)  RIGHT BIAS, MIXED
nonprofit media watchdog for politically conservative content analysis based in Reston, Virginia


Tina Fey Contradicts Her Criticism of SNL's 'Ugly Political Climate' by Admitting Not Wanting to be On-Camera with Sarah Palin
The Hollywood Communistic Cult is so full of hypocrites that it begs the question of whether they — people whose job it is to literally persuade everyone that they’re someone they’re not — recognize the word “hypocrite” anymore. It’s almost as if they swear by the mantra of, ‘Do as I say, not as I do.’ Former Saturday Night Live (SNL) writer and cast member Tina Fey did an interview earlier this week with podcaster David Tennant, according to an article by The Hollywood Reporter,  in which she claimed that she’s “glad” and “relieved” that she’s not on SNL anymore because “culture” and the “political climate” are so “ugly.” The problem for Fey comes in later in the interview when the topic of her portrayal of former vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin came up. While Fey was critical of the current political climate affecting her former show, she intimated that she didn’t want to be on camera at the same sketch, at the same time as Palin when she visited SNL during the 2008 election cycle.

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from Mises Institute
RIGHT-CENTER BIAS, MIXED


Hysteria Over School Safety Won't Keep Us Safe
The #NeverAgain movement that arose after last year’s Parkland shootings ignores how government officials cannot be trusted to behave honestly or responsibly to save student lives.

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from The Moscow Times (Russia)

Putin Ally to Ukraine's Probable New Leader: Do Deal and Get Territory Back
Ukraine's new president could regain control over the separatist-controlled east of his country within months and get cheap gas and major investment from Russia if he repairs ties with Moscow, the Kremlin's closest ally in Ukraine said. Viktor Medvedchuk, a prominent figure in Ukraine's Russia-leaning opposition, outlined the prospect in an interview before a presidential election runoff in Ukraine on Sunday which polls show political novice Volodymyr Zelenskiy should easily win. If pro-Russian separatists handed Donbass back to Ukrainian government control, some EU countries have suggested they would be ready to lift sanctions on Russia, though other countries only favor sanctions relief if Moscow returns Crimea as well.

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from Orthodox Christianity – orthochristian.com
Religious Organization in Moscow, Russia

ALL ILLEGALLY SEIZED CHURCHES WILL BE RETURNED TO UKRAINIAN CHURCH—DEPUTY VADIM NOVINSKY
Although the outgoing Ukrainian government is continuing its practice of actively persecuting the canonical Ukrainian Orthodox Church, the seized churches will be returned to the Church and the radicals who seize them will be brought to justice, People’s Deputy Vadim Novinsky of the Opposition Bloc is sure. The practice of physically seizing churches, with falsified re-registered church statutes, continues especially in the western Ukraine, Novinsky noted in recent televised comments.

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from The Spokesman-Review
Newspaper in Spokane, Washington

Shawn Vestal: Years of citizen effort has brought Expo ’74 butterfly back to Riverfront Park
The butterflies are back. One of them, anyway. For the first time in decades, a steel-framed butterfly towers above the north-bank entrance to Riverfront Park, near the Flour Mill and Spokane Arena where Mallon Avenue curves north onto Howard Street. In a few days, wings of lilac fabric will be attached, which should allow the butterfly to lift and spin and flutter in the wind, and the return of the Lilac Gate – the name of that butterfly-marked entrance during Expo ’74 – will be complete.

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from WIRED   Media/News Company

In the news, Thursday, April 18, 2019


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APR 17      INDEX      APR 19
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from Beekeeping Basics

Bees Kept on Notre Dame’s Roof Have SURVIVED The Fire!
200.000 bees that were living on the roof of Notre Dame have survived the fire blaze! These three hives were put on the cathedral’s rooftop in 2013 for a biodiversity project by Nicolas Géant. He said that the bees were going in and out of their homes this morning.

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from The Heritage Foundation
RIGHT BIAS,  MIXED  American conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C.

The Fight Over Trump’s Tax Returns Will End Up in the Supreme Court – Here’s Why
Should elected officials be allowed to gain access to the federal income tax returns of American taxpayers? When President Nixon tried to do this to get dirt on his political opponents he was deservedly condemned and Congress passed a law in 1976 to bar the practice. But now Democrats want to ignore that law to get their hands on President Trump’s tax returns. Section 6103 of the Internal Revenue Code guarantees the confidentiality of all our tax returns – yours, mine and even President Trump’s. The court fight over whether Congress can get the Trump returns is complicated, as I will explain below. It’s virtually certain to wind up in the Supreme Court. There will be a long court battle ahead with important implications about the protections for the privacy of all tax returns – including your own.

Ignore Medicare for All Advocates’ Claims on Life Expectancy in U.S. Here Are the Facts.
Ponder this: If self-styled “progressives” in Congress impose total government control over health care, will ordinary Americans enjoy a longer life span? Waiting in line for medical care is no prescription for a longer life.  In fact, American medical outcomes for the most serious conditions—for example, lower mortality from heart attacks and strokes, as well as survival rates from a  variety of cancers—are generally superior to those of other advanced countries.

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from Idaho Statesman
Newspaper in Boise, Idaho

This Idahoan’s team feeds 20,000 people after cyclone destroyed Gorongosa. Here’s how to help
Sun Valley philanthropist Greg Carr and the 260 rangers of Gorongosa National Park in Mozambique were preparing for another season of restoration and renewal for the park’s 1 million acres, its wildlife and the people who surround it. But Cyclone Idai had other plans. One of the biggest tropical cyclones to hit southeast Africa in more than a century, Idai brought winds of 120 mph and floodwaters to most of Mozambique. Heavy rains began March 4 and continued through mid-March, with the cyclone hitting March 14-15. The storm killed more than 1,000 people and spread havoc across Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe and Madagascar, leaving 3 million people affected by the flooding — or worse, homeless.

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from Inland Northwest Business Watch
blog about business in the Spokane and Coeur d Alene area

New renderings are out for The Falls Tower project
Via the Spokane subreddit we've uncovered an exciting new rendering of The Falls project in the North Bank area just north of Downtown Spokane. Currently the developer LB Stone Properties has demolished the former YWCA building to make way for the construction of the first tower. The project now includes a 3rd tower which was mentioned in a recent article in the Journal of Business.

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from Mises Institute
RIGHT-CENTER BIAS, MIXED


Yes, Julian Assange Is a Journalist — But That Shouldn't Matter
Julian Assange was arrested last week in London, and he awaits legal proceedings designed to extradite him to the United States to be tried on hacking charges. At least, those are the charges currently known. Experience suggests that US authorities are likely to add additional charges once they have Assange in the US. Given Assange's role in exposing government lies, corruption, and abuse, one would think that most journalists — most of whom fancy themselves as warriors against government abuse — would call for his release. That's not what happened. Instead, many self-described journalists have claimed that Assange isn't a journalist at all. The Bill of Rights doesn't mention that freedom of speech is restricted to a special class of establishment journalists. Freedom of speech is a universal property right, regardless of what the establishment-media gatekeepers say.

Krugman Needs a Lesson on Why Truckers Are Paid Less Now than in the 1970s
One of the first lessons I give my economics students in the principles courses I teach or in my MBA classes is the famous Diamond-Water Paradox, or what economists historically have called the Paradox of Value. Why are diamonds more expensive than water? Why are professional athletes paid better than teachers or soldiers?  can understand why teachers and politicians misunderstand the Paradox of Value. The former, for the most part, never have been presented with such lessons, especially since the concept is a bit technical, while the latter (politicians) do not like anything to be in the way of their demagoguery, especially when they are putting something over on the public. (As for socialists like Bernie Sanders or Alexandra Occasio-Cortez, I doubt seriously that they even are intellectually and morally capable of learning about such paradoxes, especially since such knowledge undercuts their own political narratives.) It is quite another thing when economists and especially Nobel-winning economists such as Paul Krugman fail to understand economic fundaments, and especially the D-W Paradox. Marginal utility is at the very heart of economic analysis and one cannot understand economic concepts of value without knowing that marginal utility means. In a recent column and blog post , Krugman lamented the fact that income for transfer truck drivers has fallen in the past 40 years, and he used that as “proof” that overall payment for labor services is lower than it was in the 1970s. He claims that the decline of organized labor in the USA is the main reason for this “injustice,” in which (according to Krugman) almost all of the productivity gains in the economy have accrued to a tiny number of people, thus, appealing to the urban legend, “The rich get richer, and the poor get poorer.)

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from Orthodox Christianity – orthochristian.com
Religious Organization in Moscow, Russia

PRIMATES OF 4 ANCIENT AUTOCEPHALOUS CHURCHES MEET TO DISCUSS UKRAINIAN ISSUE
The Patriarchate of Constantinople’s creation of a new ecclesiastical structure in Ukraine in December-January continues to be the most burning issue facing the universal Orthodox Church today, and today it brought together the primates of four of the Church’s five ancient autocephalous Churches. His Beatitude Patriarch John of Antioch, His Beatitude Patriarch Theodoros of Alexandria, His Beatitude Patriarch Theophilos of Jerusalem, and His Beatitude Archbishop Chrysostomos of Cyprus gathered in Cyprus to discuss the issue at the invitation of Abp. Chrysostomos.

4,500 ancient manuscripts being digitized at St. Catherine’s Monastery
Although it is the world’s oldest continually operating library, dating back to the 6th century, the collection of manuscripts at St. Catherine’s Monastery at the foot of Mt. Sinai is no stranger to the latest technology. In 2012, they began spectral imaging on many of the manuscripts to discover the texts beneath the texts. Many of the manuscripts are palimpsests, meaning a previous text had been erased so the scribe could reuse the valuable parchments. Traces of the original texts remained, however. Now the monastery has begun a high-tech process of digitizing its 4,500 manuscripts—a process that could easily take up to a decade. The work on the ancient parchments, including the earliest surviving copy of the Gospels, the Codox Sinaiticus, dating to the 4th century, is being undertaken by a team from Greece that takes images in red, green, and blue light and merges them together with computer software to make one high-quality color picture. The monumental task of digitizing the monastery’s entire collection began last year with around 1,100 particularly rare Syriac and Arabic-language texts. This first stage is expected to take around three years and will cost a projected $2.75 million. The monastery will start publishing the newly-digitized texts online in the fall of this year.

ST. JOHN CASSIAN’S INSTITUTES: ON VAINGLORY
How our seventh combat is against the spirit of vainglory, and what its nature is.

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from The Spokesman-Review
Newspaper in Spokane, Washington

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from University of California Press

Exploring the Transcontinental Railroad in Photographs
by Glenn Willumson, author of Iron Muse: Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad

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In the news, Wednesday, April 17, 2019


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APR 16      INDEX      APR 18
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from Big Think

19th-century medicine: Milk was used as a blood substitute for transfusions
For the bulk of human history, medical science has been a grim affair. Modern innovations in the scientific process and medical techniques mean that we can determine with a good deal of accuracy what's going to work and what won't, and we can test those theories in a relatively safe and scientifically sound way. Not true for the past. Take blood transfusions, for instance. Prior to the discovery of blood types by Karl Landsteiner in 1901 and effective methods of avoiding coagulation when transfusing blood, human beings who had lost significant amounts of blood were pretty screwed, and not just because of the loss of blood, but also because of what we used to replace it with. For a brief and bizarre time in the late 19th century, scientists were convinced that milk was the perfect substitute for lost blood.

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from Church Times
Newspaper in London, United Kingdom

But, as I listened, I realised that Notre-Dame had lived up to its destiny: it reminded a people of its past, and of the hope of new life found at the foot of the cross. France has tried very hard to push God away, and forget the faith of centuries. But, when the people fell silent, the very stones cried out.

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from Competitive Enterprise Institute

New Study: The Case against Antitrust Law
Antitrust regulation is a complex, multifaceted issue. It brings together insights from law, economics, political science, history, philosophy, and other disciplines. Right now both political parties are ramping up their antitrust rhetoric, and it will likely be a live issue throughout the 2020 election cycle. A working understanding of how antitrust regulation works is important for understanding why it works so poorly, and should ultimately be abolished.

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from Conciliar Post

THEOLOGY AS A SECOND LANGUAGE
What’s a good way to think about the study of theology in relation to the life of the church? There are Christian circles that hold the study of theology with great suspicion. Too many, in their estimation, strike out on the path of academic theology only to find at the end of the path a gate with a large exit sign above it; passing through, they leave their faith far behind. And anyways, even amongst those who manage to keep their faith, most become more or less useless to ‘everyday’ Christians what with their big terms and constant readiness to point everyone else’s ‘heretical’ formulations. Quite frankly, who needs them? And then there are those (I confess, I long took up my position in this camp) who think that proficiency in theology (or rather, ‘theological terminology’ – what Augustine would call ‘signs’ rather than ‘things’) is really the goal of the Christian life. What else, pray tell, is Christian maturity if not the ability to rattle off a few Latin transliterations, to explain the theological significance of the enclitic conjunction, and to offer a short disquisition on the significance of the iota (Gibben’s remarks notwithstanding). Of course, neither of these two positions will do. I want to suggest that learning theology for the Christian is like learning a second (dead) language.

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from The Heritage Foundation
RIGHT BIAS,  MIXED  American conservative think tank based in Washington, D.C.

A Promising Proposal to Stop Wrongful Seizure of Assets
The RESPECT Act passed the House unanimously in the last Congress, only to stall in the Senate. But its reforms are so commonsense and broadly supported, it ought to be a no-brainer for lawmakers to advance. If they do, Congress would ensure that individuals and small business owners facing unjust IRS seizures have the permanent legal protections they deserve. That would be the first significant federal civil forfeiture reform in years—and hopefully not the last.

Housing Finance Reform Has Never Really Been About Affordable Housing
A full decade has passed since the mortgage meltdown, yet virtually the same system remains in place. The administration can now reverse these dangerous trends, protecting taxpayers and making housing more affordable. Americans would be best served by a vibrant, competitive housing finance market – the polar opposite of what the U.S. government has created.

Is America Turning Into a Nation of Dunces?
Today, 60% of college graduates cannot name a single step necessary to ratify a constitutional amendment. Ten percent of the college graduates surveyed thought that Judge Judy is currently serving on the Supreme Court. For the sake of our nation and our own personal freedom, it is essential that we get back to teaching the basics of American civics. We are failing the founders.

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from Mises Institute
RIGHT-CENTER BIAS, MIXED

The Making of Modern Civilization: Savings, Investment, and Economic Calculation
Institutionalism1 is used to ridicule the classical economists because they started with “Crusoe economics.” In the beginning a fisherman got the idea that he could catch more fish one day than he needed and then he could have some leisure time to manufacture fishing nets. These nets and saved fish are “capital goods”; I don’t call them “capital.”

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from Orthodox Christianity – orthochristian.com
Religious Organization in Moscow, Russia

ABBOT TRYPHON PHYSICALLY ATTACKED
Abbot Tryphon of the All-Merciful Saviour Monastery on Vashon Island, Washington was attacked while pumping gas at a Burien, WA gas station just less than an hour ago. A random man came over, and sucker punched Abbot Tryphon in the face, knocking him to the ground. They had to wait for paramedics, and a sheriff came and took his report. Fr. Tryphon was with Fr. Martin of the monastery, and they were out running errands. Fr. Martin was in the vehicle when the attack occurred. They are both shaken up by the incident, and at this time, Fr. Tryphon’s hearing has been affected.

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from Prospect Magazine

“No one would meet my eyes”: meet the Rwandan genocide survivor who returned home to forgive her neighbours
When Denise Uwimana made the decision to forgive her Hutu neighbours, some of the other survivors called her a traitor. But 25 years after the Rwandan genocide, she says the act of forgiveness can heal—and has now written a book to tell her story

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from Psephizo  Blog

Should Notre Dame be rebuilt, or the money spent on the poor? Why does it matter? Isabelle Hamley writes: Growing up in France, I never really thought of Notre-Dame de Paris as the best French cathedral. Or the best example of early gothic architecture. Or even a place of deep spiritual meaning for me. It was – well, that’s it, it just, was. And so I wasn’t really prepared for the tidal wave of emotion I felt as I watched it burn against the backdrop of the city. Within an hour or so of the news hitting the headlines, I read a grumpy Facebook post complaining that this seems to be such big news, compared to the many parts of the world devastated by suffering that we so often ignore. And more this morning – blogs and posts sharing their righteous outrage that so much money would be used to rebuild, when it could be used for the poor. For good causes. For much more valuable human lives. Let the ruins stand, and turn the ground into a park. And of course, at one level, this is absolutely right. There is so much need in the world, so much misery, that we should do everything we can to combat it. The question is, are these things mutually exclusive?

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from The Spokesman-Review
Newspaper in Spokane, Washington

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from Sputnik
RIGHT-CENTER BIAS, MIXED, Broadcasting & Media Production Company out of Moscow, Russia

US-Turkey Deadlock Over Ankara’s S-400 Deal Shows No Sign of Resolution – Report
On Tuesday, Turkish Finance Minister Berat Albayrak said after his talks with Donald Trump in Washington that the US President has demonstrated “a reasonable approach” toward Ankara’s purchases of Russian S-400 air defence systems. The US and Turkey have failed to resolve an impasse in talks over Ankara’s plans to deploy Russian-made S-400 missile systems, which “the Pentagon says could jeopardize US fighter aircraft in the region”, the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) quoted an unnamed sources as saying. The newspaper also referred to the Turkish President’s spokesperson Ibrahim Kalin, who expressed hope that Washington will not slap sanctions on Ankara in connection with its purchasing the S-400s.

Trump Predicts Biden, Sanders to Be Democratic Finalists in Presidential Race
US President Donald Trump suggested that he would either face Vermont Sen. Bernie Sanders or former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 election. "I believe it will be Crazy Bernie Sanders vs. Sleepy Joe Biden as the two finalists to run against maybe the best Economy in the history of our Country (and MANY other great things)! I look forward to facing whoever it may be. May God Rest Their Soul!" Trump said on Twitter. According to the recent 2020 Democratic Primary poll conducted by the Morning Consult and based on 12,550 interviews with registered voters, collected from April 8-14, Biden was leading in the Democratic presidential field with 31 percent support, followed by Sanders at 23 percent.

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from USA Today

Notre Dame fire powerful warning that we must protect America's precious heritage
The flames that engulfed the 856-year-old Notre Dame Cathedral are a shocking reminder that the world’s most enduring cultural and religious monuments are fragile despite their bedrock appearance. This tragedy has devastated those of us who preserve architecture, history, and cultural and religious heritage. Our thoughts are with the citizens of France, the Catholic community, and everyone who reveres and appreciates our global historical legacy. Like the fire that ravaged the National Museum of Brazil in September, the Notre Dame blaze threatened irreplaceable cultural heritage, including the cathedral’s rose windows, Saint Louis’ tunic, and the Crown of Thorns. Fires like these are more common than we think. According to the National Fire Protection Association, in the United States there are 70 museum fires on average each year.

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from US National Archives

Go Take a Hike! The Appalachian Trail Turns 96 Years Old
March 2019 marked the 96th anniversary of the opening of the first section of the Appalachian Trail which ran from Bear Mountain, New York, to Harriman State Park in Arden, New York. The brainchild of forester Benton MacKaye, the Appalachian Trail, or the “A.T.” as it is widely known, started out as an idea for a regional planning project in which a series of trails would connect to make one long, spectacular trail.  Shortly after that original section of the trail opened, MacKaye proposed a two-day conference to be held in Washington, D.C., out of which the Appalachian Trail Conservancy was born.

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