421 – Venice is founded at twelve o'clock noon, according to legend.
708 – Pope Constantine succeeds Pope Sisinnius as the 88th pope.
717 – Theodosios III resigns the throne to the Byzantine Empire to enter the clergy.
1199 – Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France, leading to his death on April 6.
1306 – Robert the Bruce becomes King of Scotland.
1409 – The Council of Pisa opens.
1555 – The city of Valencia is founded in present-day Venezuela.
1584 – Sir Walter Raleigh is granted a patent to colonize Virginia.
1634 – The first colonists to Maryland arrive at St. Clement's Island on Maryland's western shore. They made their first permanent settlement at St. Mary's City in what is now St. Mary's County.
1655 – Saturn's largest moon, Titan, is discovered by Christiaan Huygens.
1802 – The Treaty of Amiens is signed as a "Definitive Treaty of Peace" between France and the United Kingdom.
1807 – The Slave Trade Act becomes law, abolishing the slave trade in the British Empire.
1807 – The Swansea and Mumbles Railway, then known as the Oystermouth Railway, becomes the first passenger carrying railway in the world.
1811 – Percy Bysshe Shelley is expelled from the University of Oxford for publishing the pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism.
1821 – (Julian Calendar) Traditional date of the start of the Greek War of Independence. The war had actually begun on 23 February 1821. The date was chosen in the early years of the Greek state so that it falls on the day of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, strengthening the ties between the Greek Orthodox Church and the newly founded state.
1865 – U.S. Secretary of War Edwin Stanton awards the first Army Medal of Honor to six army soldiers.
1865 – American Civil War: Battle of Fort Stedman: In Virginia, Confederate forces temporarily capture Fort Stedman from the Union. Confederate General Robert E. Lee makes Fort Stedman his last attack of the war in a desperate attempt to break out of Petersburg, Virginia. The attack failed, and within a week Lee was evacuating his positions around Petersburg.
1894 – Coxey's Army, the first significant American protest march, departs Massillon, Ohio for Washington D.C.
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| 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire |
1914 – Athletic Club Aris Thessaloniki is founded.
1915 – The first U.S submarine disaster occurs when a US F-4 sinks off Hawaii, leaving 21 dead.
1917 – The Georgian Orthodox Church restores its autocephaly abolished by Imperial Russia in 1811.
1918 – The Belarusian People's Republic is established. Less than three weeks after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk formally brings an end to Russia's participation in the First World War, the former Russian province of Belarus declares itself an independent, democratic republic.
1924 – On the anniversary of Greek Independence, Alexandros Papanastasiou proclaims the Second Hellenic Republic.
1931 – Nine black men, later known as the Scottsboro Boys, are arrested in Alabama and charged with raping two white women on train in Alabama. They were fortunate to barely escaped a lynch mob sent to kill them, but were railroaded into convictions and death sentences. The Supreme Court, in the case of Powell v. Alabama, reversed and remanded, holding that due process had been violated.
1933: President Herbert Hoover accepted the newly commissioned USS Sequoia as the official presidential yacht. For 44 years, the Sequoia served as an occasional venue for recreation and official gatherings for eight U.S. presidents from Hoover to Jimmy Carter, who had it sold in 1977.
1941 – Yugoslavia, despite an early declaration of neutrality, signed the Tripartite Pact, forming an alliance with Axis powers Germany, Italy, and Japan.
1946 – Iran-Azerbaijan Crisis: In conclusion to an extremely tense situation of the early Cold War, the Soviet Union announced that its troops in Iran would be withdrawn within six weeks. The Iranian crisis was one of the first tests of power between the United States and the Soviet Union in the postwar world.
1947 – An explosion in a coal mine in Centralia, Illinois kills 111.
1948 – The first successful tornado forecast predicts that a tornado will strike Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma.
1949 – The extensive deportation campaign known as March deportation is conducted in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania to force collectivisation by way of terror. The Soviet authorities deport more than 92,000 people from the Baltics to remote areas of the Soviet Union.
1957 – United States Customs seizes copies of Allen Ginsberg's poem "Howl" on obscenity grounds.
1958 – Canada's Avro Arrow makes its first flight.
1965 – Civil rights activists led by Martin Luther King, Jr. successfully complete their 4-day 50-mile march from Selma to the capitol in Montgomery, Alabama.
1967: The Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., led a march of 5,000 people down State Street in Chicago to protest the war in Viet Nam. In an address to the demonstrators, King declared that the Vietnam War was "a blasphemy against all that America stands for." King first began speaking out against American involvement in Vietnam in the summer of 1965. In addition to his moral objections to the war, he argued that the war diverted money and attention from domestic programs to aid the black poor. He was strongly criticized by other prominent civil rights leaders for attempting to link civil rights and the antiwar movement.
1968: Johnson meets with the “Wise Men”: After being told by Defense Secretary Clark Clifford that the Vietnam War was a "real loser," President Johnson, still uncertain about his course of action, decided to convene a nine-man panel of retired presidential advisors. The group, which became known as the "Wise Men," included the respected generals Omar Bradley and Matthew Ridgway, distinguished State Department figures like Dean Acheson and George Ball, and McGeorge Bundy, National Security advisor to both the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. After two days of deliberation the group reached a consensus: they advised against any further troop increases and recommended that the administration seek a negotiated peace. Although Johnson was initially furious at their conclusions, he quickly came to believe that they were right. On March 31, Johnson announced on television that he was restricting the bombing of North Vietnam to the area just north of the Demilitarized Zone. Additionally, he committed the United States to discuss peace at any time or place. Then Johnson announced that he would not pursue reelection for the presidency.
1968: A Harris Poll reported that in the past six weeks "basic" support for the war among Americans declined from 74 percent to 54 percent. The poll also revealed that 60 percent of those questioned regarded the Tet Offensive as a defeat of U.S. objectives in Vietnam. Despite Gen. William Westmoreland's assurances in late 1967 that the United States was making headway in the war, the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong had launched a massive offensive during the Tet holiday that began in late January 1968. Although the communist forces were soundly defeated during this offensive, the scope and extent of the attacks won the communists a major psychological victory in the United States, where the events of Tet confirmed a growing disenchantment with the seemingly never-ending war for increasing numbers of Americans.
1969 – During their honeymoon, John Lennon and Yoko Ono hold their first Bed-In for Peace at the Amsterdam Hilton Hotel (until March 31).
1971 – Bangladesh Liberation War: Beginning of Operation Searchlight by the Pakistani Armed Forces against East Pakistani civilians.
1971 – The Army of the Republic of Vietnam abandon an attempt to cut off the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos.
1975 – In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, King Faisal is shot and killed by a mentally ill nephew, Prince Faisal bin Musaid. King Faisal, son of King Ibn Saud, fought in the military campaigns in the 1920s and '30s that helped forge modern Saudi Arabia. He later served as Saudi ambassador to the United Nations and in 1953 was made premier upon the ascension of his older brother, Saud. In 1964, King Saud was pressured to abdicate, and Faisal became the absolute ruler of Saudi Arabia. As king, he sought to modernize his nation, and lent financial and moral support to anti-Israeli efforts in the Middle East. In 1975, Faisal was assassinated for reasons that remain obscure, and his son, Crown Prince Khalid, ascended to the throne.
1979 – The first fully functional space shuttle orbiter, Columbia, is delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center to be prepared for its first launch.
1988 – The Candle demonstration in Bratislava is the first mass demonstration of the 1980s against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia.
1990 – The Happy Land fire was an arson fire that kills 87 people trapped inside an illegal nightclub in The Bronx, New York City.
1992 – The Pakistan national cricket team wins the 1992 Cricket World Cup at Melbourne Cricket Ground.
1992 – Cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev returns to Earth after a 10-month stay aboard the Mir space station.
1993 – Warrington Bomb victim Tim Parry dies five days after an IRA bomb detonated in Warrington, Cheshire on 20 March 1993 in the second of the Warrington bomb attacks.
1994 – The last American troops departed Somalia, ending what was known as Operation Restore Hope.
1995 – WikiWikiWeb, the world's first wiki, and part of the Portland Pattern Repository, is made public by Ward Cunningham.
1996 – An 81-day-long standoff between the anti-government group Montana Freemen and law enforcement near Jordan, Montana, begins.
1996 – The European Union's Veterinarian Committee bans the export of British beef and its by-products as a result of mad cow disease (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy).
2006 – Capitol Hill massacre: A gunman kills six people before taking his own life at a party in Seattle's Capitol Hill neighborhood.
2006 – Protesters demanding a new election in Belarus, following the rigged Belarusian presidential election, 2006, clash with riot police. Opposition leader Aleksander Kozulin is among several protesters arrested.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Double of the First Class.
Contemporary Western
Ælfwold II of Sherborne
Barontius and Desiderius
Blessed Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas
Bl. Omelyan Kovch (Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church)
Dismas, the "Good Thief"
Humbert of Maroilles
Quirinus of Tegernsee
Barontius and Desiderius
Blessed Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas
Bl. Omelyan Kovch (Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church)
Dismas, the "Good Thief"
Humbert of Maroilles
Quirinus of Tegernsee
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
Feasts
The Annunciation of Our Most Holy Lady, the Theotokos
and Ever-Virgin Mary
and Ever-Virgin Mary
Saints
Martyrs Pelagia, Theodosia, and Dula of Nicomedia, who suffered
under Valentinian (361)
The Holy Martyr who was formerly an executioner
Venerable Sennouphios the Standard-bearer, of Latomos Monastery
in Thessalonica (9th c.)
Venerable Timon the Hermit (10th c.)
under Valentinian (361)
The Holy Martyr who was formerly an executioner
Venerable Sennouphios the Standard-bearer, of Latomos Monastery
in Thessalonica (9th c.)
Venerable Timon the Hermit (10th c.)
Pre-Schism Western Saints
Saint Dismas the Good Thief, crucified next to Christ (1st c.)
Holy 262 Martyrs of Rome
Saint Quirinus of Tegernsee (Quirinus of Rome), a martyr who suffered
in Rome under Claudius II (c. 269)
Saint Irenaeus of Sirmium, Bishop in Pannonia (Hungary), martyred
under Diocletian at Sirmium (Mitrovica) (304)
Saint Caimin of Inis Cealtra, Bishop-Abbot of Inis Cealtra and possibly
the first Bishop of Killaloe (653)
Saint Humbert of Maroilles, a disciple of St Amandus who helped found
the monastery of Marolles in Belgium (c. 680)
Saint Hermenland (Hermeland, Herbland, Erblon), monk at Fontenelle,
ordained priest and sent with twelve monks to establish a new monastery
on the island of Aindre (Indret) in the estuary of the Loire (c. 720)
Saints Barontius and Desiderius (c. 725)
Saint Kennocha (Kyle, Enoch), nun at a convent in Fife, held in great
veneration in Scotland, especially around Glasgow (1007)
Saint Alfwold (Ælfwold II of Sherborne), a monk at Winchester
who was chosen as Bishop of Sherborne in 1045 (1058)
Holy 262 Martyrs of Rome
Saint Quirinus of Tegernsee (Quirinus of Rome), a martyr who suffered
in Rome under Claudius II (c. 269)
Saint Irenaeus of Sirmium, Bishop in Pannonia (Hungary), martyred
under Diocletian at Sirmium (Mitrovica) (304)
Saint Caimin of Inis Cealtra, Bishop-Abbot of Inis Cealtra and possibly
the first Bishop of Killaloe (653)
Saint Humbert of Maroilles, a disciple of St Amandus who helped found
the monastery of Marolles in Belgium (c. 680)
Saint Hermenland (Hermeland, Herbland, Erblon), monk at Fontenelle,
ordained priest and sent with twelve monks to establish a new monastery
on the island of Aindre (Indret) in the estuary of the Loire (c. 720)
Saints Barontius and Desiderius (c. 725)
Saint Kennocha (Kyle, Enoch), nun at a convent in Fife, held in great
veneration in Scotland, especially around Glasgow (1007)
Saint Alfwold (Ælfwold II of Sherborne), a monk at Winchester
who was chosen as Bishop of Sherborne in 1045 (1058)
Post-Schism Orthodox Saints
Saint Nicander, hermit, of Pskov (1581)
Venerable Parthenius of the Kiev Caves (1855)
Venerable Savvas the New of Kalymnos (1947)
Saint Justin (Popovic), Archimandrite of Ćelije Monastery in Serbia
and Confessor of Traditional Orthodoxy (1979)
Venerable Parthenius of the Kiev Caves (1855)
Venerable Savvas the New of Kalymnos (1947)
Saint Justin (Popovic), Archimandrite of Ćelije Monastery in Serbia
and Confessor of Traditional Orthodoxy (1979)
New Martyrs and Confessors
New Hieroconfessor Tikhon, Patriarch of Moscow and all Russia (1925)
Other commemorations
also "Kyriopascha" (the Lord's Pascha), blessed by Metropolitan Germanos III
of Old Patras at the Monastery of Agia Lavra.
Icons
(Our Lady of the Burning Bush)
Synaxis of the Most Holy Theotokos Evangelístria, kept at the monastery
of Aliartos in Boeotia
Synaxis of the Most Holy Theotokos of Kypera, kept at the monastery
of the Panagia, on the island of Cephalonia
"Annunciation" Icon of the Mother of God (16th c.)
Commemoration of Marthoma IV
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