538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city in the hands of the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
1550 – Several hundred Spanish and indigenous troops under the command of Pedro de Valdivia defeat an army of 60,000 Mapuche at the Battle of Penco during the Arauco War in present-day Chile.
1622 – Ignatius of Loyola and Francis Xavier, founders of the Jesuits, are canonized as saints by the Catholic Church.
1664 – New Jersey becomes an English colony.
1689 – The Williamite War in Ireland begins.
1811 – Peninsular War: A day after a successful rear guard action, French Marshal Michel Ney once again successfully delayed the pursuing Anglo-Portuguese force at the Battle of Redinha.
1864 – The first $20 gold piece is issued in the U.S.
1864 – American Civil War: The Red River Campaign begins as a US Navy fleet of 13 Ironclads and 7 Gunboats and other support ships enter the Red River.
1868 – Henry O'Farrell attempts to assassinate Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh.
1868 – Basutoland, today called Lesotho, is annexed by the United Kingdom.
1881 – Andrew Watson makes his Scotland debut as the world's first black international football player and captain.
1885 – Tonkin Campaign: France captures the citadel of Bắc Ninh.
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| The Great Blizzard of 1888 |
1894 – Coca-Cola is bottled and sold for the first time in Vicksburg, Mississippi, by local soda fountain operator Joseph Biedenharn.
1910 – Greek cruiser Georgios Averof is launched at Livorno.
1912 – The Girl Scouts of the USA had its beginnings as Juliette Gordon Low of Savannah, Ga., founded the first American troop of the Girl Guides.
1913 – Canberra Day: The future capital of Australia is officially named Canberra. (Melbourne remains temporary capital until 1927 while the new capital is still under construction.)
1918 – Moscow becomes the capital of Russia again after Saint Petersburg held this status for 215 years.
1920 – The Kapp Putsch begins when the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt is ordered to march on Berlin.
1921 – İstiklal Marşı, the national anthem of Turkey, is adopted in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, two and a half years before the 29 October 1923 establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
1922 – Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan form The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic
1928 – In California, the St. Francis Dam fails; the resulting floods kill over 600 people.
1930 – Mahatma Gandhi leads a 200-mile march, known as the Salt March, to the sea in defiance of British opposition, to protest the British monopoly on salt
1933 – Great Depression: Franklin D. Roosevelt addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States. This is also the first of his "fireside chats".
1934 – Konstantin Päts and General Johan Laidoner stage a coup in Estonia, and ban all political parties.
1938 – Anschluss: German troops occupy and absorb Austria.
1940 – Winter War: Finland signs the Moscow Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union, ceding almost all of Finnish Karelia. Finnish troops and the remaining population are immediately evacuated.
1942 – Pacific War: The Battle of Java ends with an Allied surrender to the Japanese Empire.
1947 – The Truman Doctrine is proclaimed to help stem the spread of Communism.
1950 – The Llandow air disaster occurs near Sigingstone, Wales, in which 80 people die when their aircraft crashed, making it the world's deadliest air disaster at the time.
1961 – First Winter Ascent of the North Face of the Eiger.
1967 – Suharto takes over from Sukarno to become Acting President of Indonesia.
1968 – Mauritius achieves independence from the United Kingdom.
1971 – The March 12 Memorandum is sent to the Demirel government of Turkey and the government resigns.
1992 – Mauritius becomes a republic while remaining a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
1993 – Several bombs explode in Bombay (Mumbai), India, killing about 300 and injuring hundreds more.
1993 – North Korea nuclear weapons program: North Korea says that it plans to withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and refuses to allow inspectors access to its nuclear sites.
1993 – The Blizzard of 1993 – Snow begins to fall across the eastern portion of the US with tornadoes, thunder snow storms, high winds and record low temperatures. The storm lasts for 30 hours.
1993 – Janet Reno is sworn in as the United States' first female attorney general.
1994 – The Church of England ordains its first female priests.
1999 – Former Warsaw Pact members the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland join NATO.
2003 – Zoran Đinđić, Prime Minister of Serbia, is assassinated in Belgrade.
2004 – The President of South Korea, Roh Moo-hyun, is impeached by its National Assembly: The first such impeachment in the nation's history.
2005 – Karolos Papoulias becomes President of Greece.
2009 – Financier Bernard Madoff pleads guilty in New York to scamming $18 billion, the largest in Wall Street history.
2011 – A reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant melts and explodes and releases radioactivity into the atmosphere a day after Japan's earthquake.
2014 – A gas explosion in the New York City neighborhood of East Harlem kills eight and injures 70 others.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Gregory the Great, Pope of Rome, Doctor of the Church, and Apostle of England.
Double of the Second Class.
Contemporary Western
Fina
Luigi Orione
Maximilian the martyr
Pope Gregory I
Theophanes the Confessor
Zhang Dapeng (one of Martyr Saints of China)
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Pope Gregory I
Eastern Orthodox
March 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Saints
Righteous Aaron the High Priest, brother of Prophet Moses the God-seer
(ca. 1530 BC)
Righteous Phineas, grandson of Aaron (ca. 1500 BC)
Holy Nine Martyrs in the Persian Empire
Saint Gregory the Dialogist, Pope of Rome (604)
Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane (818)
Venerable Saints Symeon the New Theologian (1022), and his elder, Symeon
the Studite (Symeon the Reverent, the Pious), of the Studion (987)
Saint Cyrus (Abba-Cyr), monk of Alexandria (6th c.)
Pre-Schism Western Saints
Martyr Mamilian (Maximilian), in Rome
Martyr Maximilian (Maximilian of Tebessa), in Thebeste in Numidia,
for refusing military service (295)
Saint Paul Aurelian (Paul de Léon), Bishop of Léon in Brittany, Confessor (572)
Saint Peter the Deacon, disciple, secretary and companion of St Gregory the Great,
and patron-saint of Salussola in Italy (ca. 605)
Saint Mura McFeredach (Muran, Murames), Abbot of Fahan in County Donegal,
patron-saint of Fahan where his cross still stands (ca. 645)
Saint Alphege (Ælfheah the Elder, Ælfheah the Bald), Bishop of Winchester,
England (951)
Saint Nicodemus of Mammola in Calabria (990)
Post-Schism Orthodox Saints
Venerable Lawrence the Martyr (Lavrentios), one of the "300 Allemagne Saints"
in Cyprus (12th c.)
Martyr Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia (1289)
Saint Stephen Dragutin of Serbia (monk Theoctistus Dragutin), (1316)
New Martyrs and Confessors
Saint Alexander Derzhavin, Priest, Confessor (1933)
New Hieromartyr Vladimir (Volkov), Archimandrite of Islavskoe (Moscow) (1938)
New Hieromartyr John Plekhanov, Priest (1938)
New Hieromartyr Sergius Skvortsov, Priest (1943)
Other commemorations
Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos "Not-Made-by-Hands" (on the Pillar) at LyddaTraditional Western
Gregory the Great, Pope of Rome, Doctor of the Church, and Apostle of England.
Double of the Second Class.
Contemporary Western
Fina
Luigi Orione
Maximilian the martyr
Pope Gregory I
Theophanes the Confessor
Zhang Dapeng (one of Martyr Saints of China)
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Pope Gregory I
Eastern Orthodox
March 12 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Saints
Righteous Aaron the High Priest, brother of Prophet Moses the God-seer
(ca. 1530 BC)
Righteous Phineas, grandson of Aaron (ca. 1500 BC)
Holy Nine Martyrs in the Persian Empire
Saint Gregory the Dialogist, Pope of Rome (604)
Venerable Theophanes the Confessor of Sigriane (818)
Venerable Saints Symeon the New Theologian (1022), and his elder, Symeon
the Studite (Symeon the Reverent, the Pious), of the Studion (987)
Saint Cyrus (Abba-Cyr), monk of Alexandria (6th c.)
Pre-Schism Western Saints
Martyr Mamilian (Maximilian), in Rome
Martyr Maximilian (Maximilian of Tebessa), in Thebeste in Numidia,
for refusing military service (295)
Saint Paul Aurelian (Paul de Léon), Bishop of Léon in Brittany, Confessor (572)
Saint Peter the Deacon, disciple, secretary and companion of St Gregory the Great,
and patron-saint of Salussola in Italy (ca. 605)
Saint Mura McFeredach (Muran, Murames), Abbot of Fahan in County Donegal,
patron-saint of Fahan where his cross still stands (ca. 645)
Saint Alphege (Ælfheah the Elder, Ælfheah the Bald), Bishop of Winchester,
England (951)
Saint Nicodemus of Mammola in Calabria (990)
Post-Schism Orthodox Saints
Venerable Lawrence the Martyr (Lavrentios), one of the "300 Allemagne Saints"
in Cyprus (12th c.)
Martyr Demetrius the Devoted, King of Georgia (1289)
Saint Stephen Dragutin of Serbia (monk Theoctistus Dragutin), (1316)
New Martyrs and Confessors
Saint Alexander Derzhavin, Priest, Confessor (1933)
New Hieromartyr Vladimir (Volkov), Archimandrite of Islavskoe (Moscow) (1938)
New Hieromartyr John Plekhanov, Priest (1938)
New Hieromartyr Sergius Skvortsov, Priest (1943)
Other commemorations
Repose of Schema-monk Anthony the Gorge-dweller, of Zelenchug Monastery
in Kuban (1908)
Restoration of the Autocephaly of the Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church (1917)
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