Wednesday, March 20, 2013

March 20 in history


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MAR 19      INDEX      MAR 21
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235 – Maximinus Thrax is proclaimed emperor. He is the first foreigner to hold the Roman throne.

673 – Emperor Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka.

1206 – Michael IV Autoreianos is appointed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.

1600 – The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.

1602 – The Dutch East India Company is established.

1616 – Sir Walter Raleigh is freed from the Tower of London after 13 years of imprisonment for secretly marrying one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting.

1760 – The "Great Fire" of Boston, Massachusetts, destroys 349 buildings.

1778 – King Louis XVI of France received American representatives for the first time.

1815 – After escaping from Elba, Napoleon enters Paris with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his "Hundred Days" rule.

1848 – Revolutions of 1848 in the German states: King Ludwig I of Bavaria abdicates.

1852 – Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin was first published.

1854 – The Republican Party of the United States is organized in Ripon, Wisconsin.

1861 – An earthquake completely destroys Mendoza, Argentina.

1883 – The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property is signed.

1888 – The premiere of the very first Romani language operetta is staged in Moscow, Russia.

1912:  A coal mine explosion in McCurtain, Oklahoma, claimed the lives of 73 workers.

1913 – Sung Chiao-jen, a founder of the Chinese Nationalist Party, is wounded in an assassination attempt and dies 2 days later.

1916 – Albert Einstein publishes his general theory of relativity.

1922 – The USS Langley (CV-1) is commissioned as the first United States Navy aircraft carrier.

1923 – The Arts Club of Chicago hosts the opening of Pablo Picasso's first United States showing, entitled Original Drawings by Pablo Picasso, becoming an early proponent of modern art in the United States.

1930 – Businessman Colonel Harland Sanders founds his fast-food restaurant chain "KFC", Kentucky Fried Chicken, in North Corbin, Kentucky.

1933 – Giuseppe Zangara is executed in Florida's electric chair for fatally shooting Anton Cermak in an assassination attempt against President-Elect Franklin D. Roosevelt.

1933 – Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler ordered the creation of Dachau Concentration Camp as Chief of Police of Munich and appointed Theodor Eicke as the camp commandant.

1942 – World War II: General Douglas MacArthur, at Terowie, South Australia, makes his famous speech regarding the fall of the Philippines, in which he says: "I came out of Bataan and I shall return".

1948 – With a Musicians Union ban lifted, the first telecasts of classical music in the United States, under Eugene Ormandy and Arturo Toscanini, are given on CBS and NBC.

1951 – Fujiyoshida, a city located in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, in the center of the Japanese main island of Honshū is founded.

1952 – The United States Senate ratifies a peace treaty with Japan.

1956 – Tunisia gains independence from France.

1964 – The precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organization) is established per an agreement signed on June 14, 1962.

1969: John Lennon married Yoko Ono in Gibraltar.

1972 – The Troubles: The first Provisional IRA car bombing in Belfast kills seven people and injures 148 others in Northern Ireland.

1974 – An unsuccessful attempt is made by a lone perpetrator to kidnap Her Royal Highness Princess Anne and her husband Captain Mark Phillips in The Mall, outside Buckingham Palace, London; the would-be abductor, Ian Ball, was captured.

1980 – The Radio Caroline ship, Mi Amigo founders in a gale off the English coast.

1985 – Libby Riddles becomes the first woman to win the 1,135-mile Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race.

1985 – Canadian paraplegic athlete and humanitarian Rick Hansen begins his circumnavigation of the globe in a wheelchair in the name of spinal cord injury medical research.

1987 – The Food and Drug Administration approves the anti-AIDS drug, AZT.

1988 – Eritrean War of Independence: Having defeated the Nadew Command, the Eritrean People's Liberation Front enters the town of Afabet, victoriously concluding the Battle of Afabet.

1990 – Ferdinand Marcos's widow, Imelda Marcos, goes on trial for bribery, embezzlement, and racketeering.

1993 – The Troubles: A Provisional IRA bomb kills two children in Warrington, England. It leads to mass protests in both Britain and Ireland.

1995 – A sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway kills 13 and wounds 1,300 people.

1999 – Legoland California, the first Legoland outside of Europe, opens in Carlsbad, California.

2000 – Jamil Abdullah Al-Amin, a former Black Panther once known as H. Rap Brown, is captured after murdering Georgia sheriff's deputy Ricky Kinchen and critically wounding Deputy Aldranon English.

2003 – Invasion of Iraq: In the early hours of the morning, the United States and three other countries (the UK, Australia and Poland) begin military operations in Iraq.

2006 – Over 150 Chadian soldiers are killed in eastern Chad by members of the rebel UFDC. The rebel movement sought to overthrow Chadian president Idriss Deby.

2012 – At least 52 people are killed and more than 250 injured in a wave of terror attacks across ten cities in Iraq.

2014 – Four suspected Taliban members attack the luxurious Kabul Serena Hotel, killing at least nine people.

2015 – A Solar eclipse, equinox, and a Supermoon all occur on the same day.



Saints' Days and Holy Days

Earliest day on which Good Friday can fall, while April 23 is the latest

Traditional Western

Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne, Confessor.     Double.


Contemporary Western

Alexandra
Blessed John of Parma
John of Nepomuk
Józef Bilczewski
Wulfram


Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran

Cuthbert of Lindisfarne (Anglicanism)


Eastern Orthodox


Saints

Righteous Abel, first martyr in the history of mankind
Martyrs Photina (Fatima, Svetlana), the Samaritan woman, martyred under Nero (66),
      together with: her sisters Phota, Photis, Parasceva, and Cyriaca (Kyriake);
           her sons Victor (or Photinus) and Joses (Joseph); Sebastian the Duke;
           the officer Anatolius; and Theoclitus, the former sorcerer.
Martyr Akula the Eparch, by the sword
Seven Virgin-martyrs of Amisus (Samsun) (c. 303-305):
      Alexandra, Claudia, Euphrasia, Matrona, Juliana, Euphemia, and Theodosia
Martyr Emmanuel, by the sword
Martyr Rodian, by the sword
Martyr Lollian the Elder
Hieromartyr Tadros, Bishop of Edessa, at Jerusalem (691)
Martyr Michael the Sabbaite, at Jerusalem (691)
Martyr Archil II (Archilios II), king of Georgia (744)
The Venerable Fathers martyred at the Monastery of St. Sabbas:
      Saints John, Sergius, Patrick, and others (796)
Saint Nicetas the Confessor, Bishop of Apollonias in Bithynia (813)

Pre-Schism Western Saints

Saint Urbitius, Bishop of Metz in the east of France (c. 420)
Saint Tertricus, Bishop of Langres and uncle of St Gregory of Tours (572)
Saint Martin of Braga in Iberia (580)
Venerable Cuthbert of Lindisfarne, Bishop (687)
Saint Herbert of Derwentwater, an Anglo-Saxon priest and friend of St Cuthbert,
      who lived as a hermit on St Herbert's Island (687)
Saint Wulfram of Sens, missionary, Bishop of Sens (703)
Saint Benignus, a monk and Abbot of Fontenelle Abbey (725)
Saint Remigius von Straßburg, a noble, became Abbot of Münster near Colmar
      in France and in 776 Bishop of Strasbourg (783)
Saint William of Peñacorada, monk at the monastery of Satagún in León
      in Spain (c. 1042)

Post-Schism Orthodox Saints

Hieromartyr Euphrosynus of Blue-Jay Lake (Valaam, Novgorod Republic) (1612)
New Martyr Myron of Mega Castro (Heraklion) in Crete (1793)

New Martyrs and Confessors

New Hieromartyr Basil Sokolov, Deacon (1938)
New Hieromartyr Nicholas Holz, priest of Novosiolki (Chełm and Podlasie,
      Poland) (1944)

Other commemorations

Martyr Luarsab II of Kartli, King of Kartli-Kakheti, eastern Georgia (1622)



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