____________
Events
366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empire.
533 – Mercurius becomes Pope John II, the first pope to adopt a new name upon elevation to the papacy.
1492 – Reconquista: The Emirate of Granada surrenders to the Christian forces of King Ferdinand V and Queen Isabella I, and the Moors loose their last foothold in Spain.
1776: The Continental Congress published the "Tory Act" resolution, which described how colonies should handle those Americans who remained loyal to the British and King George.
1777 – American Revolutionary War: American forces under the command of George Washington repulsed a British attack at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek near Trenton, New Jersey.
1788 – Georgia votes to ratify the U.S. Constitution, becoming the fourth state in the modern United States.
1791 – Big Bottom massacre in the Ohio Country, marking the beginning of the Northwest Indian War.
1818 – The British Institution of Civil Engineers is founded.
1833 – Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands.
1860 – The discovery of the planet Vulcan is announced at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France.
1863 – The Battle of Stones River came to an end when the Union troops of William Rosecrans defeated Confederates under Braxton Bragg at Murfeesboro, Tennessee, just south of Nashville. The battle was a crucial engagement in the contest for central Tennessee, and provided a Union victory during a bleak period for the North. Playing host to some of the largest casualty rates of the war, Stone’s River wound up costing each army more than 30% of their soldiers.
1865 – Uruguayan War: The Siege of Paysandú ends as Brazilian and Coloradans capture Paysandú, Uruguay.
1871 – Amadeus I becomes King of Spain.
1890: President Benjamin Harrison welcomed Alice Sanger as the first female White House staffer.
1893: The U.S. Postal Service issued its first commemorative stamp to honor the World’s Columbian Expedition and the quadricentennial of Christopher Columbus’ voyage.
1900 – American statesman and diplomat John Hay announces the Open Door Policy to promote trade with China.
1905 – Russo-Japanese War: The Russian garrison at Port Arthur, the Russian naval base in China, surrenders to Japanese naval forces under Admiral Heihachiro Togo. It is the first in a series of defeats that by June turns the tide of the imperial conflict irrevocably against Russia.
1906 – The first air conditioner is patented by Willis Carrier.
1911 – A gun battle in the East End of London left two dead and sparked a political row over the involvement of then-Home Secretary Winston Churchill.
1920 – The second Palmer Raid takes place with another 6,000 suspected communists and anarchists arrested and held without trial. These raids take place in several U.S. cities.
1923: Albert Fall, the secretary of the U.S. Department of Interior, resigned in response to public outrage over the Teapot Dome scandal. Fall's resignation illuminated a deeply corrupt relationship between western developers and the federal government.
1935 – Bruno Hauptmann goes on trial for the murder of Charles Lindbergh, Jr., infant son of aviator Charles Lindbergh.
1941 – World War II: German bombing severely damages the Llandaff Cathedral in Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
1942 – The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) convicts 33 members of a German spy ring headed by Fritz Joubert Duquesne in the largest espionage case in United States history—the Duquesne Spy Ring.
1942 – World War II: Manila, Philippines is captured by Japanese forces.
1945 – World War II: Nuremberg, Germany (in German, Nürnberg) is severely bombed by Allied forces.
1949 – Luis Muñoz Marín becomes the first democratically elected Governor of Puerto Rico.
1955 – Panamanian president José Antonio Remón Cantera is assassinated.
1959 – Luna 1, the first spacecraft to reach the vicinity of the Moon and to orbit the Sun, is launched by the Soviet Union. Trailing orange sodium gas, the Luna 1 spacecraft broke free of Earth’s gravity to head towards the moon. Some historians believe Luna 1 — a Soviet Union spacecraft — was supposed to hit the moon. It would have been a large coup for the Soviets during the early days of the Space Race with the United States. However, the spacecraft did fly successfully past Earth’s neighbor on January 4, 1959.
1963 – Vietnam War: The Viet Cong wins its first major victory in the Battle of Ap Bac, a village in the Mekong Delta 50 miles southwest of Saigon. The Viet Cong inflicted heavy casualties on a much larger South Vietnamese force.
1967: In what is described as the biggest air battle of the war to date, U.S. Air Force F-4 Phantom jets downed seven communist MiG-21s over North Vietnam.
1967 – Ronald Reagan is sworn in as Governor of California.
1967 – Ronald Reagan sworn in as Governor of California
1971 – The second Ibrox disaster kills 66 fans at a Rangers-Celtic association football (soccer) match.
1974 – U.S. President Richard M. Nixon signs the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act, a bill lowering the maximum U.S. speed limit to 55 MPH in order to conserve gasoline during an OPEC embargo.
1975 – A bomb blast at Samastipur, Bihar, India, fatally wounds Minister of Railways Lalit Narayan Mishra.
1975 – Bangladeshi Marxist leader Siraj Sikder is arrested and dies while in police custody.
1976 – The Gale of January 1976 begins, which results in coastal flooding around the southern North Sea coasts, resulting in at least 82 deaths and US$1.3 billion in damage.
1980: In a strong reaction to the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Jimmy Carter asked the Senate to postpone action on the SALT II nuclear weapons treaty and recalled the U.S. ambassador to Moscow. These actions sent a message that the age of detente and the friendlier diplomatic and economic relations that were established between the United States and Soviet Union during President Richard Nixon's administration (1969-74) had ended.
1981 – One of the largest investigations by a British police force ends when serial killer Peter Sutcliffe, the "Yorkshire Ripper", is arrested in Sheffield, South Yorkshire.
1992 – Leaders of armed opposition declare the President Zviad Gamsakhurdia deposed during a military coup in Georgia.
1993 – Sri Lankan Civil War: The Sri Lanka Navy kill 35-100 civilians on the Jaffna Lagoon.
1999 – A brutal snowstorm smashes into the Midwestern United States, causing 14 inches (359 mm) of snow in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and 19 inches (487 mm) in Chicago, where temperatures plunge to -13 °F (-25 °C); 68 deaths are reported.
2004 – Stardust successfully flies past Comet Wild 2, collecting samples that are returned to Earth.
2006 – An explosion in a coal mine in Sago, West Virginia traps and kills 12 miners, while leaving one miner in critical condition.
2011 – January 2011 Baghdad shootings take place.
2013 – Barack Obama signs the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012.
The ninth of the Twelve Days of Christmas
Octave of St. Stephen. Double.
Commemoration of the Octaves of St. Thomas of Canturbury, of St. John, and of the Holy Innocents.
January 2 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Forefeast of the Theophany of Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ
1967 – Ronald Reagan is sworn in as Governor of California.
1967 – Ronald Reagan sworn in as Governor of California
1971 – The second Ibrox disaster kills 66 fans at a Rangers-Celtic association football (soccer) match.
1974 – U.S. President Richard M. Nixon signs the Emergency Highway Energy Conservation Act, a bill lowering the maximum U.S. speed limit to 55 MPH in order to conserve gasoline during an OPEC embargo.
1975 – A bomb blast at Samastipur, Bihar, India, fatally wounds Minister of Railways Lalit Narayan Mishra.
1975 – Bangladeshi Marxist leader Siraj Sikder is arrested and dies while in police custody.
1976 – The Gale of January 1976 begins, which results in coastal flooding around the southern North Sea coasts, resulting in at least 82 deaths and US$1.3 billion in damage.
1980: In a strong reaction to the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Jimmy Carter asked the Senate to postpone action on the SALT II nuclear weapons treaty and recalled the U.S. ambassador to Moscow. These actions sent a message that the age of detente and the friendlier diplomatic and economic relations that were established between the United States and Soviet Union during President Richard Nixon's administration (1969-74) had ended.
1981 – One of the largest investigations by a British police force ends when serial killer Peter Sutcliffe, the "Yorkshire Ripper", is arrested in Sheffield, South Yorkshire.
1992 – Leaders of armed opposition declare the President Zviad Gamsakhurdia deposed during a military coup in Georgia.
1993 – Sri Lankan Civil War: The Sri Lanka Navy kill 35-100 civilians on the Jaffna Lagoon.
1999 – A brutal snowstorm smashes into the Midwestern United States, causing 14 inches (359 mm) of snow in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and 19 inches (487 mm) in Chicago, where temperatures plunge to -13 °F (-25 °C); 68 deaths are reported.
2004 – Stardust successfully flies past Comet Wild 2, collecting samples that are returned to Earth.
2006 – An explosion in a coal mine in Sago, West Virginia traps and kills 12 miners, while leaving one miner in critical condition.
2011 – January 2011 Baghdad shootings take place.
2013 – Barack Obama signs the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
The ninth of the Twelve Days of Christmas
Octave of St. Stephen. Double.
Commemoration of the Octaves of St. Thomas of Canturbury, of St. John, and of the Holy Innocents.
Contemporary Western
Basil the Great
Defendens of Thebes
Gregory of Nazianzus
Macarius of Alexandria
Earliest day on which the Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus is observed, while January 5 is the latest; celebrated on Sunday between January 2 and 5. (Roman Catholic Church)
Defendens of Thebes
Gregory of Nazianzus
Macarius of Alexandria
Earliest day on which the Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus is observed, while January 5 is the latest; celebrated on Sunday between January 2 and 5. (Roman Catholic Church)
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe (Lutheran Church)
Vedanayagam Samuel Azariah (Episcopal Church)
Eastern Orthodox
Feasts
Saints
Saint Theodota, mother of the holy Unmercenaries Saints Cosmas and Damian (3rd century)
Martyr Sergius, by the sword, at Caesarea in Cappadocia (301)
Martyr Theopistus (Theopistos), by stoning
Hieromartyr Theogenes, Bishop of Parium on the Hellespont (c. 320)
Saint Sylvester, Pope of Rome (335)
Martyr Basil of Ancyra, under Julian the Apostate (362)
Hieromartyr Isidore, Bishop of Syrian Antioch, by the Arians (4th century)
Saint Theopemtus, Monk
Saint Mark the deaf-mute
Saint Amun of Tabennisi, monk (5th century)
Pre-Schism Western Saints
Martyrs Artaxus, Acutus, Eugenda, Maximianus, Timothy, Tobias and Vitus,
in Syrmium in Pannonia (3rd-4th century)
Martyrs of Rome, many martyrs who suffered in Rome under Diocletian
for refusing to give up the Holy Scriptures (c. 303)
Thousand Martyrs of Lichfield ('field of bodies') in England:
Hieromartyr Amphibalos and 999 others at Lichfield, under Diocletian (c. 303)
Saint Martinianus of Milan (Maternian), Bishop of Milan in Italy, took part in the
Third Oecumenical Council at Ephesus and wrote against Nestorianism (c. 435)
Saint Aspasius of Auch, Bishop of Auch in France, took part in the Councils of
Orleans in 533, 541 and 549, besides holding a council in Auch in 551 (c. 560)
Saint Schottin (Schotin, Scarthin), hermit of Kilkenny, Ireland (6th century)
Saint Seiriol the Righteous, Abbott of Penmon Priory, brother of King Cynlas
of Rhos and King Einion of Llŷn (6th century)
Saint Munchin the Wise (Mainchín of Limerick), probably the first Bishop
of Limerick and also its patron-saint (late 6th century)
Saint Blidulf (Bladulf), a monk at Bobbio Abbey in Italy who bravely denounced
the heresy of the Lombard King Ariovald, an Arian (c. 630)
Saint Vincentian (Viance, Viants), a disciple of St Menelaus, he became a hermit
near Tulle in Auvergne in France (c. 730)
Saint Adalard of Corbie (827)
Post-Schism Orthodox Saints
Saint Cosmas I of Constantinople the Wonderworker, Patriarch of Constantinople (1081)
Saint Sylvester of the Kiev Caves (12th century)
Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo (1604)
New Martyr George (Zorzes, Zorsisus) the Georgian, at Mytilene (1770)
Saint Seraphim, Wonderworker of Sarov (repose) (1833)
New Martyrs and Confessors
New Martyr Basil Petrov (1942)
New Hieromartyr Dmitri Shpakovsky (1942)
Other commemorations
Saint Theodota, mother of the holy Unmercenaries Saints Cosmas and Damian (3rd century)
Martyr Sergius, by the sword, at Caesarea in Cappadocia (301)
Martyr Theopistus (Theopistos), by stoning
Hieromartyr Theogenes, Bishop of Parium on the Hellespont (c. 320)
Saint Sylvester, Pope of Rome (335)
Martyr Basil of Ancyra, under Julian the Apostate (362)
Hieromartyr Isidore, Bishop of Syrian Antioch, by the Arians (4th century)
Saint Theopemtus, Monk
Saint Mark the deaf-mute
Saint Amun of Tabennisi, monk (5th century)
Pre-Schism Western Saints
Martyrs Artaxus, Acutus, Eugenda, Maximianus, Timothy, Tobias and Vitus,
in Syrmium in Pannonia (3rd-4th century)
Martyrs of Rome, many martyrs who suffered in Rome under Diocletian
for refusing to give up the Holy Scriptures (c. 303)
Thousand Martyrs of Lichfield ('field of bodies') in England:
Hieromartyr Amphibalos and 999 others at Lichfield, under Diocletian (c. 303)
Saint Martinianus of Milan (Maternian), Bishop of Milan in Italy, took part in the
Third Oecumenical Council at Ephesus and wrote against Nestorianism (c. 435)
Saint Aspasius of Auch, Bishop of Auch in France, took part in the Councils of
Orleans in 533, 541 and 549, besides holding a council in Auch in 551 (c. 560)
Saint Schottin (Schotin, Scarthin), hermit of Kilkenny, Ireland (6th century)
Saint Seiriol the Righteous, Abbott of Penmon Priory, brother of King Cynlas
of Rhos and King Einion of Llŷn (6th century)
Saint Munchin the Wise (Mainchín of Limerick), probably the first Bishop
of Limerick and also its patron-saint (late 6th century)
Saint Blidulf (Bladulf), a monk at Bobbio Abbey in Italy who bravely denounced
the heresy of the Lombard King Ariovald, an Arian (c. 630)
Saint Vincentian (Viance, Viants), a disciple of St Menelaus, he became a hermit
near Tulle in Auvergne in France (c. 730)
Saint Adalard of Corbie (827)
Post-Schism Orthodox Saints
Saint Cosmas I of Constantinople the Wonderworker, Patriarch of Constantinople (1081)
Saint Sylvester of the Kiev Caves (12th century)
Righteous Juliana of Lazarevo (1604)
New Martyr George (Zorzes, Zorsisus) the Georgian, at Mytilene (1770)
Saint Seraphim, Wonderworker of Sarov (repose) (1833)
New Martyrs and Confessors
New Martyr Basil Petrov (1942)
New Hieromartyr Dmitri Shpakovsky (1942)
Other commemorations
Commemoration of Archimandrite Joanniky Golatovsky (1688)
Repose of Hieroschemamonk Gabriel of Optina and Whitehoof Convent (1871)
Repose of Abbess Thaisia of Leushino Monastery (1915)
Martyred Elder Ioasaph of St. Tikhon of Kaluga Monastery (1919)
Repose of Elder Iakovos of Epirus (1961)
Repose of Hieroschemamonk Gabriel of Optina and Whitehoof Convent (1871)
Repose of Abbess Thaisia of Leushino Monastery (1915)
Martyred Elder Ioasaph of St. Tikhon of Kaluga Monastery (1919)
Repose of Elder Iakovos of Epirus (1961)
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