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Events
1500 – Vicente Yáñez Pinzón becomes the first European to set foot on Brazil.
1531 – The 1531 Lisbon earthquake in the Kingdom of Portugal and subsequent tsunami resulted in approximately 30,000 deaths.
1564 – The Council of Trent establishes an official distinction between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.
1564 – The Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Tsardom of Russia in the Battle of Ula during the Livonian War.
1565 – Battle of Talikota, fought between the Vijayanagara Empire and the Deccan sultanates, leads to the subjugation, and eventual destruction of the last Hindu kingdom in India, and the consolidation of Islamic rule over much of the Indian subcontinent.
1589 – Job is elected as Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia.
1699 – The Ottoman Empire permanently ceded territory to the European powers for the first time. The loss marked a reversal of four centuries of Ottoman expansion.
1700 – The Cascadia earthquake takes place off the west coast of North America, as evidenced by Japanese records.
1736 – Stanislaus I of Poland abdicates his throne.
1788 – The British First Fleet, led by Arthur Phillip, sails into Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) to establish Sydney, the first permanent European settlement on the continent. Commemorated as Australia Day.
1808 – The Rum Rebellion is the only successful (albeit short-lived) armed takeover of the government in Australia.
1837 – Michigan is admitted as the 26th U.S. state.
1838 – Tennessee enacts the first prohibition law in the United States, making it illegal to sell alcoholic drinks in stores or taverns.
1841 – James Bremer takes formal possession of Hong Kong Island at what is now Possession Point, establishing British Hong Kong, which China later formally cedes.
1855 – Point No Point Treaty is signed in Washington Territory.
1856 – First Battle of Seattle. Marines from the USS Decatur drive off American Indian attackers after all day battle with settlers.
1861 – American Civil War: The state of Louisiana secedes from the Union.
1863 – American Civil War: General Ambrose Burnside is relieved of command of the Army of the Potomac after the disastrous Fredericksburg campaign. He is replaced by Joseph Hooker.
1863 – American Civil War: Governor of Massachusetts John Albion Andrew receives permission from the Secretary of War to raise a militia organization for men of African descent.
1870 – American Civil War: Virginia rejoins the Union.
1885 – Troops loyal to The Mahdi conquer Khartoum, killing the Governor-General Charles George Gordon.
1905 – The world's largest diamond ever, the Cullinan weighing 3,106.75 carats (0.621350 kg), is found at the Premier Mine near Pretoria in South Africa.
1907 – The Short Magazine Lee–Enfield Mk III is officially introduced into British military Service, and remains the second oldest military rifle still in official use.
1911 – Glenn H. Curtiss flies the first successful American seaplane.
1911 – Richard Strauss' opera Der Rosenkavalier receives its debut performance at the Dresden State Opera.
1915 – The Rocky Mountain National Park is established by an act of the U.S. Congress.
1918 – Finnish Civil War: A group of Red Guards hangs a red lantern atop the tower of Helsinki Workers' Hall to symbolically mark the start of the war.
1918 – US Food Administrator Herbert Hoover calls for "wheatless" and "meatless" days to help the war effort.
1920 – Former Ford Motor Company executive Henry Leland launches the Lincoln Motor Company which he later sold to his former employer.
1924 – Saint Petersburg, Russia, is renamed Leningrad.
1930 – The Indian National Congress declares 26 January as Independence Day or as the day for Poorna Swaraj ("Complete Independence") which occurred 17 years later.
1934 – The Apollo Theater reopens in Harlem, New York City.
1934 – The German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact is signed.
1939 – Spanish Civil War – Catalonia Offensive: Troops loyal to nationalist General Francisco Franco and aided by Italy take Barcelona.
1942 – World War II: The first United States forces arrive in Europe landing in Northern Ireland.
1945 – World War II: The Red Army begins encircling the German Fourth Army near Heiligenbeil in East Prussia, which will end in destruction of the 4th Army two months later.
1945 – World War II: Audie Murphy, one of the most decorated soldiers in U.S. military history, single handedly held off a company of Germans in France’s Colmar Pocket, an action which later earned him the Medal of Honor.
1949 – The Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory sees first light under the direction of Edwin Hubble, becoming the largest aperture optical telescope (until BTA-6 is built in 1976).
1950 – The Constitution of India comes into force, forming a republic. Rajendra Prasad is sworn in as its first President of India. Observed as Republic Day in India.
1952 – Black Saturday in Egypt: rioters burn Cairo's central business district, targeting British and upper-class Egyptian businesses.
1956 – Soviet Union hands Porkkala back to Finland.
1958 – Japanese ferry Nankai Maru capsizes off southern Awaji Island, Japan, 167 killed.
1960 – Danny Heater sets a worldwide high school basketball scoring record when he records 135 points for his school team in Burnsville, West Virginia.
1961 – John F. Kennedy appoints Janet G. Travell to be his physician. This is the first time a woman holds the appointment of Physician to the President.
1962 – Ranger 3 is launched to study the Moon. The space probe later misses the moon by 22,000 miles (35,400 km).
1965 – Hindi becomes the official language of India.
1966 – The Beaumont Children go missing from Glenelg Beach near Adelaide, South Australia.
1978 – The Great Blizzard of 1978 strikes the Ohio – Great Lakes region with heavy snow and winds up to 100 mph (161 km/h).
1980 – Israel and Egypt establish diplomatic relations.
1986 – The Ugandan government of Tito Okello is overthrown by the National Resistance Army, led by Yoweri Museveni.
1991 – Mohamed Siad Barre is removed from power in Somalia, ending centralized government, and is succeeded by Ali Mahdi.
1992 – Boris Yeltsin announces that Russia will stop targeting United States cities with nuclear weapons.
1998 – Lewinsky scandal: On American television, U.S. President Bill Clinton denies having had "sexual relations" with former White House intern Monica Lewinsky.
2001 – The 2001 Gujarat earthquake causes more than twenty thousand deaths.
2004 – President Hamid Karzai signs the current Constitution of Afghanistan.
2004 – A whale explodes in the town of Tainan, Taiwan. A build-up of gas in the decomposing sperm whale is suspected of causing the explosion.
2005 – Glendale train crash: Two trains derail killing 11 and injuring 200 in Glendale, California, near Los Angeles.
2009 – Rioting breaks out in Antananarivo, Madagascar, sparking a political crisis that will result in the replacement of President Marc Ravalomanana with Andry Rajoelina.
2015 – A giant snow storm hits much of the Northeastern United States.
2015 – A aircraft crashes at Los Llanos Air Base in Albacete, Spain, killing 11 people and injuring 21 others.
2015 – Libby Lane becomes the first woman to be ordained a bishop of the Church of England.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Polycarp, Bishop of Smyrna, Martyr. Double.
Contemporary Western
Alberic
Blessed Gabriele Allegra
Paula
Timothy and Titus
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
January 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Saints
Martyrs Ananias the priest, Peter the prison guard, and seven soldiers,
in Phoenicia (295)
The Holy Two Martys of Phrygia
Venerable Ammon of Egypt (350), disciple of St. Anthony the Great
Venerable Symeon "the Ancient" of Mount Sinai (ca. 390)
Saint Paula of Rome (Paula of Palestine), monastic foundress in Palestine (404)
Venerable Gabriel, Abbot of the monastery of Saint Stephanos in Jerusalem (ca. 490)
Venerable Xenophon and his wife Mary, and their two sons Sts. Arcadius
and John, of Constantinople (6th c.)
Pre-Schism Western Saints
Saint Conon, Bishop and monastic founder on the Isle of Man (648)
Saint Theofrid (Theofroy), a monk at Luxeuil in France who became Abbot
of Corbie, and a Bishop (ca. 690)
Saint Athanasius, honoured as a bishop in Sorrento in the south of Italy
Saint Alphonsus of Astorga, Bishop of Astorga in Spain (9th c.)
Saint Ansurius (Aduri, Asurius, Isauri), Bishop of Orense in Galicia (925)
Post-Schism Orthodox Saints
Venerable Clement of Mt. Sagmation (1111)
Saint David the Builder (David III), King of Georgia (1125)
Venerable Xenophon, Abbot of Robeika (Novgorod) (1262)
Venerable Arcadius of Vyaznikovsky (1592)
New Martyrs and Confessors
New Martyr Matushka Maria of Gatchina (1930)
New Hieromartyr Cyril, Metropolitan of Kazan (1937)
New Hieromartyr Arcadius (1938)
Martyr John Popov (1938)
Other commemorations
Commemoration of the Great Earthquake at Constantinople (447-448),
during the reign of Emperor Theodosius II (r. 408–450)
Translation of the relics (845) of Sts. Theodore the Confessor, Abbot of the
Studion (826), and his brother Joseph the Confessor (Joseph of Thessalonica),
Archbishop of Thessalonica (832)
Repose of Metropolitan Gabriel of Novgorod and St. Petersburg (1801)
Repose of Metropolitan Joseph (Naniescu) of Suceava, Romania (1902)
Malankara Orthodox
Commemoration of HH Baselius Marthoma Mathews II
& HG Poulose Mar Athanasios
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