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Events
41 – Roman Emperor Caligula, known for his eccentricity and sadistic despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards. The Guard then proclaims Caligula's uncle Claudius as Emperor.
1438 – The Council of Basel suspends Pope Eugene IV.
1458 – Matthias Corvinus becomes king of Hungary.
1624 – Afonso Mendes, appointed by Pope Gregory XV as Prelate of Ethiopia, arrives at Massawa from Goa.
1679 – King Charles II of England dissolves the Cavalier Parliament.
1739 – Peshva warrior Chimnaji Appa defeats Portuguese forces and captures Tarapur Fort, India.
1742 – Charles VII Albert becomes Holy Roman Emperor.
1758 – During the Seven Years' War the leading burghers of Königsberg submit to Elizabeth of Russia, thus forming Russian Prussia (until 1763).
1776 – Henry Knox transports artillery from Fort Ticonderoga to Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1817 – Crossing of the Andes: Many soldiers of Juan Gregorio de las Heras are captured during the Action of Picheuta.
1835 – Slaves in Salvador da Bahia, Brazil, stage a revolt, which is instrumental in ending slavery there 50 years later.
1848 – The California Gold Rush begins when James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, near Sacramento in Northern California.
1857 – The University of Calcutta is formally founded as the first fully-fledged university in South Asia.
1859 – Political and state union of Moldavia and Wallachia; Alexandru Ioan Cuza is elected as Domnitor in both Principalities.
1862 – Bucharest is proclaimed the capital of Romania.
1865 – The Confederate Congress agreed to resume the practice of prisoner exchange. This process had been going on sporadically during the war. During the war’s first year, prisoner exchange was seldom used by the Union, out of fear that it would legitimize the Confederate government. However, with the coming of more intensive and deadly campaigns in 1862, it became apparent that a prisoner exchange system was desperately needed.
1878 – The revolutionary Vera Zasulich shoots at Fyodor Trepov, the Governor of Saint Petersburg.
1900 – Second Boer War: Boers stop a British attempt to break the Siege of Ladysmith in the Battle of Spion Kop.
1908 – The first Boy Scout troop is organized in England by Robert Baden-Powell.
1911 – Japanese anarchist Shūsui Kōtoku is hanged for treason in a case now considered a miscarriage of justice.
1915 – World War One: British Grand Fleet battle cruisers under Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty engage Rear-Admiral Franz von Hipper's battle cruisers in the Battle of Dogger Bank.
1916 – In Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad, the Supreme Court of the United States declares the federal income tax constitutional.
1918 – The Gregorian calendar is introduced in Russia by decree of the Council of People's Commissars effective February 14(NS).
1933 – The 20th Amendment to the United States Constitution is ratified, changing the beginning and end of terms for all elected federal offices.
1935: Canned beer was sold for the first time, produced by the Krueger Brewing Company.
1939 – The deadliest earthquake in Chilean history strikes Chillán, killing approximately 28,000 people.
1942 – World War II: The Allies bombard Bangkok, leading Thailand, then under Japanese control, to declare war against the United States and United Kingdom.
1943 – World War II: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill conclude a conference in Casablanca.
1946 – The United Nations General Assembly passes its first resolution to establish the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission.
1947 – Greek banker Dimitrios Maximos becomes Prime Minister of Greece.
1950 – The Dodgers sign Jackie Robinson to a $35,000 contract, the highest in the team’s history.
1960 – Algerian War: Some units of European volunteers in Algiers stage an insurrection known as the "barricades week", during which they seize government buildings and clash with local police.
1961 – Goldsboro B-52 crash: A bomber carrying two H-bombs breaks up in mid-air over North Carolina. The uranium core of one weapon remains lost.
1968 – Vietnam War: The 1st Australian Task Force launches Operation Coburg against the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong during wider fighting around Long Bình and Biên Hòa
1972 – Japanese Sgt. Shoichi Yokoi is found hiding in a Guam jungle, where he had been since the end of World War II.
1977 – Massacre of Atocha in Madrid, during the Spanish transition to democracy.
1978 – Soviet satellite Kosmos 954, with a nuclear reactor on board, burns up in Earth's atmosphere, scattering radioactive debris over Canada's Northwest Territories. Only 1% is recovered.
1984 – The first Apple Macintosh goes on sale.
1986 – Voyager 2 passes within 81,500 kilometres (50,600 mi) of Uranus.
1990 – Japan launches Hiten, the country's first lunar probe, the first robotic lunar probe since the Soviet Union's Luna 24 in 1976, and the first lunar probe launched by a country other than Soviet Union or the United States.
1993 – Turkish journalist and writer Uğur Mumcu is assassinated by a car bomb in Ankara.
1996 – Polish Prime Minister Józef Oleksy resigns amid charges that he spied for Moscow.
2003 – The United States Department of Homeland Security officially begins operation.
2009 – Cyclone Klaus makes landfall near Bordeaux, France. It subsequently would cause 26 deaths as well as extensive disruptions to public transport and power supplies.
2011 – At least 35 die and 180 are injured in a bombing at Moscow's Domodedovo Airport.
2014 – Three bombs explode in the Egyptian capital, Cairo, killing about seven people and injuring over 100 others.
2014 – The Philippines and the Bangsamoro agree to a peace deal that would help end the 45-year conflict.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Timothy, Bishop of Ephesus, Martyr. Double.
Contemporary Western
Cadoc (Wales)
Felician of Foligno
Francis de Sales
Pratulin Martyrs
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
January 24 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Saints
Hieromartyr Babylas of Sicily and his two disciples martyrs Timothy
and Agapius (3rd c.)
Martyrs Paul, Pausirius, and Theodotian, brothers, of Egypt (3rd c.)
Martyrs Barsimos of Syria, and his two brothers, by the sword, in Persia
Martyr Philippicus the Presbyter
Martyr Chrysoploki (Chrysoploca)
Saint Helladios the Commentarisius (prison warden)
Martyrs Hermogenes and Menas (Mamas, Mamatos)
Saints Hermogenes and Philemon, Bishop of Karpathos
Venerable Macedonius of Syria, hermit of Mt. Silpius, near Antioch (ca. 420)
Saint Saint Xenia the Righteous of Rome and her two female slaves (5th c.)
Saint Philon (Philonas), Wonderworking Bishop of Karpasia on Cyprus (5th c.)
Venerable Zosimas, ascetic of the desert
Saint Zosimas of Cilicia, Bishop of Babylon in Egypt (6th c.)
Pre-Schism Western Saints
Saint Felician of Foligno, Bishop of Foligno in Italy (254)
Saint Zamas, first Bishop of Bologna in Italy (ca. 268)
Saint Artemius (Arthemius), Bishop of Clermont (396)
Saint Exuperantius of Cingoli, Bishop of Cingoli near Ancona in Italy (5th c.)
Saint Guasacht, converted by Patrick, whom he helped as Bishop of Granard
in Ireland (5th c.)
Saint Lupicinus of Lipidiaco (Gaul) (500)
Venerable martyr Cadoc (Docus, Cathmael, Cadvaci), founder of the monastery
of Llancarfan not far from Cardiff in Wales, and hermit (ca.580)
Saint Suranus, Abbot of a monastery at Sora near Caserta, martyred
by the Lombards (ca. 580)
Saint Bertrand (Bertram, Bertran, Ebertram), a disciple of St Bertinus, helped
St. Omer enlighten the north of France and Flanders, later became Abbot
of Saint-Quentin (7th c.)
Saint Erembert I, Abbot of Kremsmünster Abbey in Austria (ca. 1050)
Post-Schism Orthodox Saints
Venerable Neophytus the Recluse, of Cyprus, Wonderworker (1204)
Saint Gerasimus of Perm, Bishop of Perm (1441)
Martyr John of Kazan (1529)
Venerable Dionysius of Olympus, and Mt. Athos, Wonderworker (1541)
Blessed Xenia of St. Petersburg, Fool-for-Christ (1806)
Saint Sophia, first Abbess of Shamordino Convent (1888)
New Martyrs and Confessors
Martyr Nicholas Tsikura (1918)
Other commemorations
Translation of the relics (632) of Monk-martyr Anastasius the Persian (628)
Dedication of the Church of St. Zacharias, in Constantinople, founded
by St. Domnica of Constantinople (5th c.)
Dedication of the Church of the Holy Prophet and Forerunner John the Baptist,
near Taurus
Repose of Bishop Nektary (Kontzevitch) of Seattle (1983)
Commemoration of the Seven Venerable Saints of Philotheou monastery:
Philotheos, master builder of the monastery; Theodosius, Igumen and
Metropolitan of Trebizond; Dionysius and Symeon; Dometios the Hesychast;
Damianos; and hieromartyr Cosmas of Aetolia, Equal to the Apostles
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