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1548 – The city of Nuestra Señora de La Paz (Our Lady of Peace) is founded by Alonso de Mendoza by appointment of the king of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V.
1572 – Relief of Goes, Cristóbal de Mondragón with 3000 soldiers of the Spanish Tercios, release the siege of the city.
1720 – Caribbean pirate Calico Jack is captured by the Royal Navy.
1740 – Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony refuse to honour the Pragmatic Sanction and the War of the Austrian Succession begins.
1774: The First Continental Congress creates the Continental Association, which calls for a complete ban on all trade between America and Great Britain of all goods, wares or merchandise.
1781 – Patent of Toleration, providing limited freedom of worship, is approved in Habsburg Monarchy.
1803: The U.S. Senate ratifies a treaty with France providing for the purchase of the territory of Louisiana, which would double the size of the United States.
1805 – General Mack's army surrender to Napoleon I at Ulm after a few skirmishes.
1818 – The Convention of 1818 signed between the United States and the United Kingdom which, among other things, settles the Canada–United States border on the 49th parallel for most of its length.
1827: Battle of Navarino: During the Greek War for Independence, a combined Turkish and Egyptian armada is destroyed by an allied British, French, and Russian naval force in the port of Navarino in Pylos, Greece.
1873 – Yale, Princeton, Columbia, and Rutgers universities draft the first code of American football rules.
1883 – Peru and Chile sign the Treaty of Ancón, by which the Tarapacá province is ceded to the latter, bringing an end to Peru's involvement in the War of the Pacific.
1904 – Chile and Bolivia sign the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, delimiting the border between the two countries.
1910 – The hull of the RMS Olympic, sister-ship to the ill-fated RMS Titanic, is launched from the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
1918: Turks send British officer to negotiate armistice terms.
1935: Just over a year after the start of the Long March, a mammoth retreat undertaken by the armed forces of the Chinese Communist Party a year prior, Mao Zedong arrives in Shensi Province in northwest China with 4,000 survivors and sets up Chinese Communist headquarters. The epic flight from Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist forces lasted 368 days and covered 6,000 miles, nearly twice the distance from New York to San Francisco.
1939 – Pope Pius XII publishes his first major encyclical entitled Summi Pontificatus.
1941 – World War II: Thousands of civilians in Kragujevac in German-occupied Serbia are murdered in the Kragujevac massacre.
1944 – The Soviet Army and Yugoslav Partisans liberate Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia
1944 – Liquid natural gas leaks from storage tanks in Cleveland, then explodes; the explosion and resulting fire level 30 blocks and kill 130.
1944: World War II: After advancing island by island across the Pacific Ocean, U.S. General Douglas MacArthur wades ashore onto the Philippine island of Leyte, fulfilling his promise to return to the area he was forced to flee in 1942, when he commands an Allied assault on the islands, reclaiming them from the Japanese.
1946 – Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam decides that October 20 is Vietnam Women's Day.
1947: The notorious Red Scare kicks into high gear in Washington, as the House Un-American Activities Committee begins its investigation into Communist infiltration of Hollywood, one of the world's richest and most glamorous communities, resulting in a blacklist that prevents some from working in the industry for years.
1947 – United States of America and Islamic Republic of Pakistan establish diplomatic relations for the first time.
1951 – The "Johnny Bright incident" occurs in Stillwater, Oklahoma
1952 – Governor Evelyn Baring declares a state of emergency in Kenya and begins arresting hundreds of suspected leaders of the Mau Mau Uprising, including Jomo Kenyatta, the future first President of Kenya.
1961 – The Soviet Union performs the first armed test of a submarine-launched ballistic missile, launching an R-13 from a Golf-class submarine.
1962 – People's Republic of China launches simultaneous offensives in Ladakh and across the McMahon Line, igniting the Sino-Indian War.
1967: Seven men were convicted in Meridian, Miss., of violating the civil rights of three slain civil rights workers.
1968 – Former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy marries Greek shipping tycoon Aristotle Onassis.
1970 – Siad Barre declares Somalia a socialist state.
1971 – The Nepal Stock Exchange collapses.
1973 – "Saturday Night Massacre": United States President Richard Nixon fires U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus after they refuse to fire Watergate special prosecutor Archibald Cox, who is finally fired by Robert Bork.
1973 – The Sydney Opera House opens.
1976 – The ferry George Prince is struck by a ship while crossing the Mississippi River between Destrehan and Luling, Louisiana. Seventy-eight passengers and crew die and only 18 people aboard the ferry survive.
1977 – A plane carrying American rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd crashed, killing six people (including three band members).
1981 – Two police officers and an armored car guard are killed during an armed robbery in Rockland County, New York, carried out by members of the Black Liberation Army and Weather Underground.
1982 – During the UEFA Cup match between FC Spartak Moscow and HFC Haarlem, 66 people are crushed to death in the Luzhniki disaster.
1991 – The Oakland Hills firestorm kills 25 and destroys 3,469 homes and apartments, causing more than $2 billion in damage.
1991 – A 6.8 Mw earthquake strikes the Uttarkashi region of India, killing more than 1,000 people.
2011 – Libyan Civil War: Ousted Libyan dictator Moammar Gadhafi, the longest-serving leader in Africa and the Arab world, is captured and killed by National Transitional Council rebel forces near his hometown of Sirte.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Octave of St. Edward. Double.
Contemporary Western
Acca of Hexham
Artemius
Caprasius of Agen
Irene of Tomar
Hedwig (in Canada, moved from Oct. 16)
Margaret Marie Alacoque (in Canada, moved from Oct. 16)
Artemius
Caprasius of Agen
Irene of Tomar
Hedwig (in Canada, moved from Oct. 16)
Margaret Marie Alacoque (in Canada, moved from Oct. 16)
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
October 20 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Martyr Artemius at Antioch (363)
Venerable Gerasimus of Cephalonia, the "New Ascetic" (1579)
Martyrs Eboras and Eunos of Persia (341)
Martyrs Aborsam and Senoe, of Persia (c. 341)
Saint Matrona of Chios (1462)
Martyr Zebinas of Caesarea in Palaestina (308)
Greatmartyr Artemius of Verkolsk (1542)
Repose of Hieromonk Theodosius of Svyatogorsk Monastery (1850)
Repose of Abbot Theodosius (Popov) of Optina (1903)
New Hieromartyr Nicholas Lyubomudrov,
priest of Latskoye village, Yaroslavl (1918)
New Hieromartyr Herman (Kokkel), bishop of Alatyr (1937)
Martyr Artemius at Antioch (363)
Venerable Gerasimus of Cephalonia, the "New Ascetic" (1579)
Martyrs Eboras and Eunos of Persia (341)
Martyrs Aborsam and Senoe, of Persia (c. 341)
Saint Matrona of Chios (1462)
Martyr Zebinas of Caesarea in Palaestina (308)
Greatmartyr Artemius of Verkolsk (1542)
Repose of Hieromonk Theodosius of Svyatogorsk Monastery (1850)
Repose of Abbot Theodosius (Popov) of Optina (1903)
New Hieromartyr Nicholas Lyubomudrov,
priest of Latskoye village, Yaroslavl (1918)
New Hieromartyr Herman (Kokkel), bishop of Alatyr (1937)
Translation of the relics of New Monk-martyr Ignatius of Bulgaria
and Mt. Athos (1814) from Constantinople to Mt. Athos.
Coptic Orthodox
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