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202 BC – Second Punic War: At the Battle of Zama, Roman legions under Scipio Africanus defeat Hannibal Barca, leader of the army defending Carthage.
439 – The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, take Carthage in North Africa.
1216 – King John of England dies at Newark-on-Trent and is succeeded by his nine-year-old son Henry.
1386 – The Universität Heidelberg held its first lecture, making it the oldest German university.
1466 – The Thirteen Years' War ends with the Second Treaty of Thorn.
1469 – Ferdinand II of Aragon marries Isabella I of Castile, a marriage that paves the way to the unification of Aragon and Castile into a single country, Spain.
1512 – Martin Luther becomes a doctor of theology (Doctor in Biblia).
1649 – New Ross town, County Wexford, Ireland, surrenders to Oliver Cromwell.
1752 – The Pennsylvania Gazette published a statement by Benjamin Franklin describing his kite experiment to conduct electricity.
1781: Hopelessly trapped at Yorktown, Virginia, British General Lord Cornwallis surrenders 8,000 British soldiers and seamen to a larger Franco-American force, effectively bringing an end to the American Revolution. Representatives of British commander Lord Cornwallis handed over Cornwallis' sword and formally surrendered to George Washington and the comte de Rochambeau.
1789 – Chief Justice John Jay is sworn in as the first Chief Justice of the United States.
1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Austrian General Mack surrenders his army to the Grande Armée of Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Ulm. 30,000 prisoners are captured and 10,000 casualties inflicted on the losers.
1812: One month after Napoleon Bonaparte's massive invading force entered a burning and deserted Moscow, the starving French army is forced to begin a hasty retreat out of Russia.
1813 – The Battle of Leipzig concludes, giving Napoleon Bonaparte one of his worst defeats.
1822 – In Parnaíba; Simplício Dias da Silva, João Cândido de Deus e Silva and Domingos Dias declare the independent state of Piauí.
1864 – Battle of Cedar Creek: Union General Philip Sheridan averts a near disaster in the Shenandoah Valley when he rallies his troops after a surprise attack by Confederate General Jubal Early and scores a major victory that almost destroys Early's army.
1864 – St. Albans Raid: Confederate raiders launch an attack on Saint Albans, Vermont from Canada.
1866 – Venice: Annexion of Veneto and Mantua to Italy: At Hotel Europa, Austria hands over Veneto to France, which hands it immediately over to Italy.
1869: The famous Prussian-born mining engineer, Adolph Sutro, begins work on one of the most ambitious western engineering projects of the day: a four-mile-long tunnel through the solid rock of the Comstock Lode mining district.
1900 – Max Planck, in his house at Grunewald, on the outskirts of Berlin, discovers the law of black-body radiation (Planck's law).
1904 – Polytechnic University of the Philippines founded as Manila Business School through the superintendence of the American C.A. O'Reilley.
1912 – Italy takes possession of Tripoli, Libya from the Ottoman Empire.
1914: Near the Belgian city of Ypres, Allied and German forces begin the first of what would be three battles to control the city and its advantageous positions on the north coast of Belgium during the First World War.
1917 – Love Field in Dallas is opened.
1921 – Portuguese Prime Minister António Granjo and other politicians are murdered in a Lisbon coup.
1922 – British Conservative MPs meeting at the Carlton Club vote to break off the Coalition Government with David Lloyd George of the Liberal Party.
1933 – Germany withdraws from the League of Nations.
1935: The League of Nations votes to impose deliberately ineffectual economic sanctions against Fascist Italy for its invasion of Ethiopia, leaving Ethiopia to stand alone. Steps that would impede the progress of the invasion, such as banning the sale of oil to Italy and closing the Suez Canal, were not taken, out of fear of igniting hostilities in Europe.
1943 – The cargo vessel Sinfra is attacked by Allied aircraft at Souda Bay, Crete, and sunk. 2,098 Italian prisoners of war drown with it.
1943 – Streptomycin, the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis, is isolated by researchers at Rutgers University.
1944 – United States forces land in the Philippines.
1950 – The People's Liberation Army takes control of the town of Chamdo; this is sometimes called the "Invasion of Tibet".
1950 – The People's Republic of China joins the Korean War by sending thousands of troops across the Yalu River to fight United Nations forces.
1950 – Iran becomes the first country to accept technical assistance from the United States under the Point Four Program.
1954 – First ascent of Cho Oyu.
1956 – The Soviet Union and Japan sign a Joint Declaration, officially ending the state of war between the two countries that had existed since August 1945.
1960: Cold War: The United States government imposes a near-total trade embargo embargo against Cuba covering all commodities except medical supplies and certain food products.
1965: North Vietnamese troops launch a major assault on U.S. and South Vietnamese Special Forces Camp at Plei Me in the Central Highlands, 215 miles north of Saigon.
1967: The U.S. space probe Mariner 5 flew past Venus
1969 – The first Prime Minister of Tunisia in twelve years, Bahi Ladgham, is appointed by President Habib Bourguiba.
1973 – President Richard Nixon rejects an Appeals Court decision that he turn over the Watergate tapes.
1974 – Niue becomes a self-governing colony of New Zealand.
1976 – Battle of Aishiya in Lebanon.
1984 – Roman Catholic priest from Poland, Jerzy Popiełuszko, associated with the Solidarity union, was murdered by three agents of the Polish communist internal intelligence agency.
1986 – Samora Machel, President of Mozambique and a prominent leader of FRELIMO, and 33 others die when their Tupolev Tu-134 plane crashes into the Lebombo Mountains.
1987 – The United States Navy conducts Operation Nimble Archer, an attack on two Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf.
1987 – Black Monday - the Dow Jones Industrial Average falls by 22%, 508 points.
1988 – The British government imposes a broadcasting ban on television and radio interviews with members of Sinn Féin and eleven Irish republican and Ulster loyalist paramilitary groups.
1989 – The convictions of the Guildford Four are quashed by the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, after they had spent 15 years in prison.
1991: A fire begins in the hills of Oakland, California. It went on to burn thousands of homes and kill 25 people. Despite the fact that fires had ravaged the same area three times earlier in the century, people continued to build homes there.
2001 – SIEV X, an Indonesian fishing boat en route to Christmas Island, carrying over 400 asylum seekers, sinks in international waters with the loss of 353 people.
2003 – Mother Teresa is beatified by Pope John Paul II.
2004 – Care International aid worker Margaret Hassan is kidnapped in Iraq.
2005 – Saddam Hussein goes on trial in Baghdad for crimes against humanity.
2005 – Hurricane Wilma becomes the most intense Atlantic hurricane on record with a minimum pressure of 882 mb.
2007 – Philippines: A bomb explosion rocked Glorietta 2, a shopping mall in Makati. The blast killed 11 and injured more than 100 people.
2012 – Big Tex, a 52-foot statue and cultural icon in Dallas is destroyed by fire during the final weekend of the 2012 State Fair of Texas.
2013 – At least 105 people were injured in a train crash at the Once railway station in Buenos Aires.
2014 – Oort cloud Comet Siding Spring makes a close fly-by the planet Mars passing within 140,000 kilometers.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Peter of Alcantara, Confessor. Double.
Commemoration of the Octave of St. Edward.
Commemoration of the Octave of St. Edward.
Contemporary Western
Blessed Jerzy Popiełuszko
Frideswide
Isaac Jogues, Jean de Brébeuf, and Companions
Paul of the Cross
Frideswide
Isaac Jogues, Jean de Brébeuf, and Companions
Paul of the Cross
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Henry Martyn (Anglican Communion)
William Carey (Episcopal Church)
Eastern Orthodox
October 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Righteous John of Kronstadt, Wonderworker (1908)
Prophet Joel (800 BC)
Martyrs Varus, Cleopatra, her son John, and six monks in Egypt (307)
Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth), Bishop of Persia, and 128 martyrs with him (343)
Saint Leontius the Philosopher of St. Sabbas' Monastery (642)
Blessed Prochorus of Pechenga (Pchinja), Serbia (10th century)
Hieromartyr Felix and Deacon Eusebius
New Monk-martyr Nicholas Dvali of Jerusalem (1314)
St. Gabriel, abbot of St. Elias Skete, Mt. Athos (1901)
New Hieromartyr Alexis Stavrovsky, priest, of Petrograd (1918)
Translation (1187) of the relics of Venerable John of Rila, abbot in Bulgaria (946)
Righteous John of Kronstadt, Wonderworker (1908)
Prophet Joel (800 BC)
Martyrs Varus, Cleopatra, her son John, and six monks in Egypt (307)
Hieromartyr Sadoc (Sadoth), Bishop of Persia, and 128 martyrs with him (343)
Saint Leontius the Philosopher of St. Sabbas' Monastery (642)
Blessed Prochorus of Pechenga (Pchinja), Serbia (10th century)
Hieromartyr Felix and Deacon Eusebius
New Monk-martyr Nicholas Dvali of Jerusalem (1314)
St. Gabriel, abbot of St. Elias Skete, Mt. Athos (1901)
New Hieromartyr Alexis Stavrovsky, priest, of Petrograd (1918)
Translation (1187) of the relics of Venerable John of Rila, abbot in Bulgaria (946)
Coptic Orthodox
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