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1096 – People's Crusade: The Turkish army successfully fight off the People's Army of the West.
1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV of Toulouse, begin the Siege of Antioch.
1209: Otto IV is crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III.
1392 – Nanboku-chō, Japan: Emperor Go-Kameyama abdicates in favor of rival claimant Go-Komatsu.
1512 – Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.
1520: Ferdinand Magellan discovers a strait now known as Strait of Magellan.
1520: João Álvares Fagundes discovers the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, bestowing them their original name of "Islands of the 11,000 Virgins".
1600 – Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats the leaders of rival Japanese clans in the Battle of Sekigahara, which marks the beginning of the Tokugawa shogunate that in effect rules Japan until the mid-nineteenth century.
1774 – First display of the word "Liberty" on a flag, raised by colonists in Taunton, Massachusetts in defiance of British rule in Colonial America.
1797: The USS Constitution, the world’s oldest commissioned naval vessel, a 44-gun U.S. Navy frigate built to fight Barbary pirates off the coast of Tripoli, is launched in Boston Harbor.
1805: Napoleonic Wars: At the Battle of Trafalgar, one of the most decisive naval battles in history, a British fleet under Vice Admiral Lord Nelson defeats a combined French and Spanish fleet under Admiral Villeneuve off the coast of Spain, signaling almost the end of French maritime power and leaving Britain's navy unchallenged until the 20th century.
1816 – The Penang Free School is founded in George Town, Penang, Malaysia, by the Rev Hutchings, the oldest English-language school in Southeast Asia.
1824 – Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement.
1854 – Florence Nightingale and a staff of 38 nurses are sent to the Crimean War, where they significantly reduced death rates and helped the field of nursing gain a positive reputation.
1861 – American Civil War: At the Battle of Ball's Bluff, the second major battle of the war, Union forces under Colonel Edward Baker are defeated by Confederate troops. Baker, a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, is killed in the fighting.
1861: Union troops suffer a devastating defeat in the second major engagement of the Civil War, The Battle of Ball's Bluff in Virginia.
1867: More than 7,000 Southern Plains Indians gather near Medicine Lodge Creek, Kansas, as their leaders sign the Medicine Lodge Treaty, one of the most important treaties in the history of U.S.-Indian relations. The treaty requires Native American Plains tribes to relocate to a reservation in western Oklahoma.
1879: Thomas Edison perfected a workable electric light bulb at his laboratory in Menlo Park, N.J. which was tested the next day and lasted 13.5 hours. This would be the invention of the first commercially practical incandescent light. Popular belief is that he invented the first light bulb, which he did not.
1888 – Foundation of the Swiss Social Democratic Party.
1892 – Opening ceremonies for the World's Columbian Exposition are held in Chicago, though because construction was behind schedule, the exposition did not open until May 1, 1893.
1895 – The Republic of Formosa collapses as Japanese forces invade.
1902 – In the United States, a five-month strike by United Mine Workers ends.
1910 – HMS Niobe arrives in Halifax Harbour to become the first ship of the Royal Canadian Navy.
1912 – First Balkan War: Kardzhali is liberated by Bulgarian forces.
1917 – The first Americans to see action on the front lines of WW are troops sent to Sommervillier under French command.
1921 – President Warren G. Harding delivers the first speech by a sitting U.S. President against lynching in the deep South.
1921 – George Melford's silent film, The Sheik, starring Rudolph Valentino, premiers.
1931 – The Sakurakai, a secret society in the Imperial Japanese Army, launches an abortive coup d'état attempt.
1940 – The first edition of the Ernest Hemingway novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is published.
1941: World War II: In Kragujevac, Serbia, German Wehrmacht soldiers go on a rampage, killing about 7,000 civilians, including schoolchildren and professors.
1943 – The Provisional Government of Free India is formally declared by Subhas Chandra Bose.
1944 – World War II: The first kamikaze attackL A Japanese fighter plane carrying a 200-kilogram (440 lb) bomb attacks HMAS Australia off Leyte Island, as the Battle of Leyte Gulf began.
1944 – World War II: Nemmersdorf massacre against the German civilians takes place.
1944 – World War II: Battle of Aachen: The city of Aachen falls to American forces after three weeks of fighting, making it the first German city to fall to the Allies.
1945 – Women's suffrage: Women are allowed to vote in France for the first time.
1950 – Korean War: Heavy fighting begins between British and Australian forces from the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade and the North Korean 239th Regiment during the Battle of Yongju.
1956 – Mau Mau Uprising: Kenyan rebel leader Dedan Kimathi is captured by the British Army, signalling the ultimate defeat of the rebellion, and essentially ending the British military campaign.
1959: President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs an executive order transferring the brilliant rocket designer Wernher von Braun and his team from the U.S. Army to the newly created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
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| 1957 - Guggenheim Museum Under Construction, 5th Ave. / E. 89th St. from whatwasthere.com |
1965 – Comet Ikeya-Seki approaches perihelion, passing 450,000 kilometers (279,617 miles) from the sun.
1966 – Aberfan disaster: A slag heap collapses on the village of Aberfan in Wales, killing 144 people, mostly schoolchildren.
1967 – Vietnam War: More than 100,000 war protesters gather in Washington, D.C.. A peaceful rally at the Lincoln Memorial is followed by a march to The Pentagon and clashes with soldiers and United States Marshals protecting the facility. Similar demonstrations occurred simultaneously in Japan and Western Europe.
1967: The Israeli destroyer INS Eilat was sunk by Egyptian missile boats near Port Said; 47 Israeli crew members were lost.
1969 – A coup d'état in Somalia brings Siad Barre to power and establishes a socialist republic in Somalia.
1971 – A gas explosion kills 22 people at a shopping center in Clarkston, East Renfrewshire, near Glasgow, Scotland.
1973 – John Paul Getty III's ear is cut off by his kidnappers and sent to a newspaper in Rome; it doesn't arrive until November 8.
1973 – Fred Dryer of the then Los Angeles Rams becomes the first player in NFL history to score two safeties in the same game.
1977 – The European Patent Institute is founded.
1978 – Australian civilian pilot Frederick Valentich vanishes in a Cessna 182 over the Bass Strait south of Melbourne, after reporting contact with an unidentified aircraft.
1979 – Moshe Dayan resigns from the Israeli government because of strong disagreements with Prime Minister Menachem Begin over policy towards the Arabs.
1981 – Andreas Papandreou becomes Prime Minister of Greece, ending an almost 50-year-long system of power dominated by conservative forces.
1983 – The metre is defined at the seventeenth General Conference on Weights and Measures as the distance light travels in a vacuum in 1/299,792,458 of a second.
1986 – In Lebanon, pro-Iran kidnappers claim to have abducted American writer Edward Tracy (he is released in August 1991).
1987 – Jaffna hospital massacre is carried out by Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka killing 70 ethnic Tamil patients, doctors and nurses.
1994 – North Korea nuclear weapons program: North Korea and the United States sign an agreement that requires North Korea to stop its nuclear weapons program and agree to inspections.
1994 – In Seoul, 32 people are killed when the Seongsu Bridge collapses.
2005 – Images of the dwarf planet Eris are taken and subsequently used in documenting its discovery by the team of Michael E. Brown, Chad Trujillo, and David L. Rabinowitz.
2012 – A shooting at a spa in Brookfield, Wisconsin, leaves four people dead, including the shooter.
2013 – Record smog closes schools, roadways, and the airport in Harbin, China.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Ursula and her Companions, Virgins and Martyrs. Greater Double.
Commemoration of St. Hilarion, Abbot.
Commemoration of St. Hilarion, Abbot.
Contemporary Western
Hilarion
John of Bridlington
Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena
Leticia (one of The Korean Martyrs)
Peter Yu Tae-chol
Tuda of Lindisfarne
Ursula
John of Bridlington
Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena
Leticia (one of The Korean Martyrs)
Peter Yu Tae-chol
Tuda of Lindisfarne
Ursula
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
October 21 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
St. Hilarion the Great of Gaza (371)
Hieromartyr Priest Socrates and Martyr Theodote, of Ancyra (c. 230)
Martyrs Dasius, Gaius, and Zoticus at Nicomedia (303)
Saints Theophilus and James, abbots of Omutch (Pskov) (c. 1412)
St. Hilarion, abbot of Gdov (Pskov) (1476)
St. Hilarion, Schemamonk of the Kiev Caves (1067)
St. Philotheus of Neapolis and of Mt. Athos (14th century)
Saints Vissarion (Bessarion) Sarai, hieromonk, and Sophronie of Ciorara,
monk, confessors, and St. Oprea of Săliște
New Martyr John of Monemvasia, Peloponnesus, at Larissa (1773)
Hiero-confessors John of Galeёs (Ioan din Galeş) and Moses (M˘acinic),
priests of Sibiel (Transylvania) (18th century)
New Hieromartyrs Paulinus (Kroshechkin), archbishop of Mogilev;
Damian (Voskresensky), archbishop of Kursk; Arcadius (Pavlovich),
bishop of Ekaterinburg; priests Anatole and Nicander; and Martyr Cyprian (1937)
Translation of the relics of St. Christodulus the Wonderworker of Patmos (1093)
Translation of the relics (1206) of St. Hilarion, bishop of Meglin, Bulgaria (1164)
Repose of Schema-archimandrite Herman (Bogdanov) (1938) and his fellow
ascetic Archimandrite Sergius (Ozerov), of New Valaam in Siberia
St. Hilarion the Great of Gaza (371)
Hieromartyr Priest Socrates and Martyr Theodote, of Ancyra (c. 230)
Martyrs Dasius, Gaius, and Zoticus at Nicomedia (303)
Saints Theophilus and James, abbots of Omutch (Pskov) (c. 1412)
St. Hilarion, abbot of Gdov (Pskov) (1476)
St. Hilarion, Schemamonk of the Kiev Caves (1067)
St. Philotheus of Neapolis and of Mt. Athos (14th century)
Saints Vissarion (Bessarion) Sarai, hieromonk, and Sophronie of Ciorara,
monk, confessors, and St. Oprea of Săliște
New Martyr John of Monemvasia, Peloponnesus, at Larissa (1773)
Hiero-confessors John of Galeёs (Ioan din Galeş) and Moses (M˘acinic),
priests of Sibiel (Transylvania) (18th century)
New Hieromartyrs Paulinus (Kroshechkin), archbishop of Mogilev;
Damian (Voskresensky), archbishop of Kursk; Arcadius (Pavlovich),
bishop of Ekaterinburg; priests Anatole and Nicander; and Martyr Cyprian (1937)
Translation of the relics of St. Christodulus the Wonderworker of Patmos (1093)
Translation of the relics (1206) of St. Hilarion, bishop of Meglin, Bulgaria (1164)
Repose of Schema-archimandrite Herman (Bogdanov) (1938) and his fellow
ascetic Archimandrite Sergius (Ozerov), of New Valaam in Siberia
Coptic Orthodox
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