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320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philosopher, observes an eclipse of the Sun and writes a commentary on The Great Astronomer (Almagest).
614 – King Chlothar II promulgates the Edict of Paris (Edictum Chlotacharii), a sort of Frankish Magna Carta that defend the rights of the Frankish nobles while it excludes Jews from all civil employment in the Frankish Kingdom.
629 – Dagobert I is crowned King of the Franks.
1009 – The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, who hacks the Church's foundations down to bedrock.
1016 – The Danes defeat the Saxons in the Battle of Assandun.
1081 – The Normans defeat the Byzantine Empire in the Battle of Dyrrhachium.
1210 – Pope Innocent III excommunicates Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
1356 – Basel earthquake, the most significant historic seismological event north of the Alps, destroys the town of Basel, Switzerland.
1386 – Opening of the University of Heidelberg.
1469: Ferdinand of Aragon marries Isabella of Castile in Valladolid, thus beginning a cooperative reign that would unite all the dominions of Spain and elevate the nation to a dominant world power.
1540 – Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto's forces destroy the fortified town of Mabila in present-day Alabama, killing Tuskaloosa.
1599 – Michael the Brave, Prince of Wallachia, defeats the Army of Andrew Báthory in the Battle of Şelimbăr, leading to the first recorded unification of the Romanian people.
1646 – French missionary Isaac Jogues was martyred by the Mohawk. He's known as one of the North American Martyrs and was later canonized as a saint by the Catholic Church.
1648 – Boston Shoemakers form first American labor organization.
1748 – Signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession.
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| 1890 - Mason Dixon Line near Emmitsburg, MD whatwasthere.com |
1775 – African-American poet Phillis Wheatley is freed from slavery.
1775 – American Revolutionary War: The Burning of Falmouth (now Portland, Maine).
1779 – American Revolutionary War: The Franco-American Siege of Savannah is lifted.
1797 – Treaty of Campo Formio is signed between France and Austria.
1851 – Herman Melville's Moby-Dick is first published as The Whale by Richard Bentley of London.
1860: British troops occupying Peking, China, loot and then burn the Yuanmingyuan, the fabulous summer residence built by the Manchu emperors in the 18th century.
1860 – The Second Opium War finally ends at the Convention of Peking with the ratification of the Treaty of Tientsin, an unequal treaty.
1867 – United States takes formal possession of Alaska after purchasing it from Russia for $7.2 million. Celebrated annually in the state as Alaska Day.
1892: The first long-distance telephone line – between New York and Chicago – was officially opened. It could handle only one call at a time.
1898 – The United States takes possession of Puerto Rico from Spain. Only one year after Spain granted Puerto Rico self-rule, American troops raise the U.S. flag over the Caribbean nation, formalizing U.S. authority over the island's one million inhabitants.
1912 – First Balkan War: King Peter I of Serbia issues a declaration "To the Serbian People", as his country joins the war.
1914 – The Schoenstatt Movement is founded in Germany.
1915: In the eastern sector of the Italian front in World War I, the Italians launch their third offensive of the year, known as the Third Battle of the Isonzo.
1921 – The Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is formed as part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
1922 – The British Broadcasting Company (later Corporation) is founded by a consortium, to establish a nationwide network of radio transmitters to provide a national broadcasting service.
1929 – The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council overrules the Supreme Court of Canada in Edwards v. Canada when it declares that women are considered "Persons" under Canadian law.
1931: Thomas Alva Edison, one of the most prolific inventors in history, dies in West Orange, New Jersey, at the age of 84.
1942: Vice. Adm. William F. Halsey replaces Vice Adm. Robert L. Ghormley as commander, South Pacific.
1944 – World War II: Soviet Union begins the liberation of Czechoslovakia from Nazi Germany.
1945 – The USSR's nuclear program receives plans for the United States plutonium bomb from Klaus Fuchs at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
1945 – A group of the Venezuelan Armed Forces, led by Mario Vargas, Marcos Pérez Jiménez and Carlos Delgado Chalbaud, stages a coup d'état against president Isaías Medina Angarita, who is overthrown by the end of the day.
1945 – Argentine military officer and politician Juan Perón marries actress Eva "Evita" Duarte.
1954 – Texas Instruments announces the first Transistor radio.
1955: Emperor Bao Dai attempts to dismiss Diem.
1964 – The 1964-1965 New York World's Fair closes for its first season after a six-month run.
1967 – The Soviet probe Venera 4 reaches Venus and becomes the first spacecraft to measure the atmosphere of another planet.
1968 – The U.S. Olympic Committee suspends Tommie Smith and John Carlos for giving a "Black Power" salute during a victory ceremony at the Mexico City games.
1977 – German Autumn: a set of events revolving around the kidnapping of Hanns Martin Schleyer and the hijacking of a Lufthansa flight by the Red Army Faction (RAF) comes to an end when Schleyer is murdered and various RAF members allegedly commit suicide.
1991 – The Supreme Council of Azerbaijan adopts a declaration of independence from the Soviet Union.
2003 – Bolivian gas conflict: Bolivian President Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, is forced to resign and leave Bolivia.
2004 – Myanmar prime minister Khin Nyunt is ousted and placed under house arrest by the State Peace and Development Council on charges of corruption.
2007 – Karachi bombing: A suicide attack on a motorcade carrying former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto kills 139 and wounds 450 more. Bhutto herself is uninjured.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Luke, Evangelist. Double of the Second Class.
Contemporary Western
Justus of Beauvais
Luke the Evangelist
Luke the Evangelist
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
October 18 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke (1st century)
Hieromartyr Cyriacus (Kyriakos), Bishop of Jerusalem (ca.360-363)
Martyr Marinus the Elder of Anazarbus (4th century)
Saint Julian the Hermit of Mesopotamia (4th century)
Saint Didymus the Blind of Mesopotamia (4th century)
Saint Mnason of Cyprus, bishop (1st century)
St. Joseph, abbot of Volokolamsk (Volotsk) (1515)
Saint David of Serpukhov, abbot (1520)
Martyrs Gabriel and Cirmidol of Egypt (1522)
Saints Symeon, Theodore, and Euphrosynus, monks who found the Icon
of the Theotokos in the Great Cave of the Peloponnesus (9th century)
Saint Peter of Montenegro, metropolitan (1830)
Slaying of Brother José Muñoz-Cortes (in monasticism Monk Ambrose),
guardian of the myrrh-streaming “Montreal” Iveron Icon of the Theotokos (1997)
Holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke (1st century)
Hieromartyr Cyriacus (Kyriakos), Bishop of Jerusalem (ca.360-363)
Martyr Marinus the Elder of Anazarbus (4th century)
Saint Julian the Hermit of Mesopotamia (4th century)
Saint Didymus the Blind of Mesopotamia (4th century)
Saint Mnason of Cyprus, bishop (1st century)
St. Joseph, abbot of Volokolamsk (Volotsk) (1515)
Saint David of Serpukhov, abbot (1520)
Martyrs Gabriel and Cirmidol of Egypt (1522)
Saints Symeon, Theodore, and Euphrosynus, monks who found the Icon
of the Theotokos in the Great Cave of the Peloponnesus (9th century)
Saint Peter of Montenegro, metropolitan (1830)
Slaying of Brother José Muñoz-Cortes (in monasticism Monk Ambrose),
guardian of the myrrh-streaming “Montreal” Iveron Icon of the Theotokos (1997)
Coptic Orthodox
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