63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations.
633 – Fourth Council of Toledo takes place.
1082 – Ramon Berenguer II, Count of Barcelona is assassinated.
1408 – Emir Edigu of Golden Horde reaches Moscow.
1484 – Pope Innocent VIII issues the Summis desiderantes affectibus, a papal bull that deputizes Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Sprenger as inquisitors to root out alleged witchcraft in Germany.
1492 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic).
1496 – King Manuel I of Portugal issues a decree of expulsion of "heretics" from the country.
1757 – Seven Years' War: Battle of Leuthen – Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine.
1766 – In London, James Christie holds his first sale.
1775 – At Fort Ticonderoga, Henry Knox begins his historic transport of artillery to Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1776 – In Williamsburg, Virginia, a group of five students at the College of William and Mary gather at Raleigh's Tavern to found a new fraternity, Phi Beta Kappa.
1792 – George Washington is re-elected as President
1815 – Foundation of Maceió, Brazil.
1831 – Former U.S. President John Quincy Adams takes his seat in the House of Representatives.
1847 – Jefferson Davis is elected to the U.S. senate.
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| Portsmouth Square, San Francisco 1851 (daguerrotype) |
1865 – Chincha Islands War: Peru allies with Chile against Spain.
1876 – A fire at the Brooklyn Theater in Brooklyn, New York, kills at least 278 people and injures hundreds more. Some victims perished from a combination of burns and smoke inhalation; others were trampled to death in the general panic that ensued.
1915: Turkish and German forces launched an attack on the British-occupied town of Kut al-Amara on the Tigris River in Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq.
1916 – British premier H. H. Asquith resigns from his post.
1920 – Dimitrios Rallis forms a government in Greece.
1931 – Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow was destroyed by an order of Joseph Stalin.
1932 – German-born Swiss physicist Albert Einstein is granted an American visa.
1933 – Prohibition in the United States ends: At 5:32 p.m. EST, Utah becomes the 36th U.S. state to ratify the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution, thus achieving the requisite three-fourths majority of states' approval needed to enact the amendment. Pennsylvania and Ohio had ratified it earlier in the day. This repealed the 18th Amendment which had made the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcohol illegal in the United States, bringing an end to the era of national prohibition of alcohol in America.
1934 – Abyssinia Crisis: Italian troops attack Wal Wal in Abyssinia, taking four days to capture the city.
1936 – The Soviet Union adopts a new constitution and the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic is established as a full Union Republic of the USSR.
1941 – World War II: In the Battle of Moscow, Georgy Zhukov launches a massive Soviet counter-attack against the German army, with the biggest offensive launched against Army Group Centre.
1941 – World War II: Great Britain declares war on Finland, Hungary and Romania.
1941: The Lexington, one of the two largest aircraft carriers employed by the United States during World War II, makes its way across the Pacific in order to carry a squadron of dive bombers to defend Midway Island from an anticipated Japanese attack.
1943 – World War II: Allied air forces begin attacking Germany's secret weapons bases in Operation Crossbow.
1945 – Flight 19 is lost in the Bermuda Triangle.
1952 – Great Smog: A cold fog descends upon London, combining with air pollution and killing at least 12,000 in the weeks and months that follow.
1955 – The American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations merge and form the AFL–CIO.
1955 – E. D. Nixon and Rosa Parks lead the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
1957 – Sukarno expels all Dutch people from Indonesia.
1958 – Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) is inaugurated in the United Kingdom by Queen Elizabeth II when she speaks to the Lord Provost in a call from Bristol to Edinburgh.
1958 – The Preston By-pass, the UK's first stretch of motorway, opens to traffic for the first time. (It is now part of the M6 and M55 motorways.)
1964 – Vietnam War: The first Medal of Honor awarded to a U.S. serviceman for action in Vietnam was presented to Captain Roger Donlon of Saugerties, New York, for his heroism in battle earlier in the year.
1964 – Lloyd J. Old discovered the first linkage between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and disease—mouse leukemia—opening the way for the recognition of the importance of the MHC in the immune response.
1969 – The four node ARPANET network is established.
1970: A North Vietnamese newspaper declared that the country would not be intimidated by U.S. bombing threats. Earlier in the week, U.S. Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird had warned that the U.S. would initiate new bombing raids on North Vietnam if the communists continued to fire on unarmed reconnaissance aircraft flying over their air space. Responding to Laird's threats, North Vietnamese officials declared that any U.S. reconnaissance planes that flew over North Vietnam would be fired upon. This declaration implied that North Vietnam would not be forced into concessions, and was prepared to continue the war regardless of the cost.
1977 – Egypt breaks diplomatic relations with Syria, Libya, Algeria, Iraq and South Yemen. The move is in retaliation for the Declaration of Tripoli against Egypt.
1978 – In an effort to prop up an unpopular pro-Soviet regime in Afghanistan, the Soviet Union signs a "friendship treaty" with the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, agreeing to provide economic and military assistance. The treaty moved the Russians another step closer to their disastrous involvement in the Afghan civil war between the Soviet-supported communist government and the Muslim rebels, the Mujahideen, which officially began in 1979.
1983 – Dissolution of the Military Junta in Argentina.
1993 – The mayor of Vienna, Helmut Zilk, is injured by a letter bomb.
1995 – Sri Lankan Civil War: The Sri Lankan government announces the conquest of the Tamil stronghold of Jaffna.
2004 – The Civil Partnership Act comes into effect in the United Kingdom, and the first civil partnership is registered there.
2005 – The Lake Tanganyika earthquake causes significant damage, mostly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
2006 – Commodore Frank Bainimarama overthrows the government in Fiji.
2007 – Westroads Mall shooting: A gunman opens fire with a semi-automatic rifle at an Omaha, Nebraska, mall, killing eight people before taking his own life.
2012 – At least 8 people are killed and 12 others injured after a 5.6 earthquake strikes Iran's South Khorasan Province.
2013 – Militants attack a Defense Ministry compound in Sana'a, Yemen, killing at least 56 people and injuring 200 others.
2014 – The first flight test of NASA's Orion spacecraft launches successfully.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Brian, Bishop of Dorchester, Confessor. Double.
Commemoration of St. Saba, Abbot.
Contemporary Western
Abercius
Sabbas the Sanctified
Sabbas the Sanctified
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Clement of Alexandria (Episcopal Church)
Eastern Orthodox
Saints
Venerable Gratus, monk
Venerable Nonnus, monk
Martyr Diogenes, by stoning
Martyr Abercius, by the sword
Venerable Karion (Cyrion) and his son St. Zachariah of Egypt (4th century)
Saint Sabbas the Sanctified (532)
Pre-Schism Western Saints
his body transfixed with two huge nails (c. 250)
Martyrs Julius, Potamia, Crispin, Felix, Gratus and Companions - 12 martyrs
who suffered in Thagura in Numidia in North Africa under Diocletian (302)
Saint Crispina, a wealthy matron in Thebeste in Numidia in North Africa,
who was horribly tortured and ultimately beheaded (304)
Saint Dalmatius of Pavia, Bishop of Pavia, martyred under Maximianus Herculius (304)
Martyr Pelinus, Bishop of Brindisi, martyred in Confinium in the south of Italy,
under Julian the Apostate (361)
Monk-martyr Justinian of Ramsey Island (Iestin), South Wales (560)
Saint Nicetius (Nizerius), Bishop of Trier, Gaul (566)
Saint Friminus, the seventh Bishop of Verdun in France (6th century)
Saint Cawrdaf, a noble in Wales, ended his life as a monk with St Illtyd (6th century)
Saint Sigiranus (Cyran, Siran, Sigram), Abbot and Confessor (c. 655)
Saint Gerbold, monk at Ebriciacum in France, later founded the monastery of Livray,
became Bishop of Bayeux (690)
Saint Basilissa, Abbess of Oehren near Trier in Germany (c. 780)
Saint John Gradenigo, a monk in Cuxa Abbey in the Catalonian Pyrenees in Spain,
reposed as a hermit near Montecassino (1025)
Post-Schism Orthodox Saints
on Mount Athos, martyred by the Latins (1283)
Saint Philotheos the Righteous, of Karyes Skete on Mount Athos,
Elder of St. Nectarius the Athonite (late 15th century)
Saint Nectarios the Athonite (Nectarios the Bulgarian of Bitol) (1500)
Saint Gurias, Archbishop of Kazan (1563)
Saint Anthony (Zheretiyenko), Schema-Archimandrite of the Kiev Caves
Saint Macarius (Velichko), Archimandrite of the Kiev Caves
New Martyrs and Confessors
Hieromartyr Gennadius Letyuk, Priest-monk of Yaroslavl-Rostov (1941)
Saint Sergius Pravdolyubov, Confessor, Priest (1950)
Other commemorations
Coptic Orthodox
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