________
42 B.C.: Marcus Junius Brutus, a leading conspirator in the assassination of Julius Caesar, commits suicide after his defeat at the second battle of Philippi.
425: Valentinian III is elevated as Roman emperor at the age of 6.
501 – The Synodus Palmaris, called by Gothic king Theoderic the Great, discharges Pope Symmachus of all charges, thus ending the schism of Antipope Laurentius.
1086 – At the Battle of az-Zallaqah, the army of Yusuf ibn Tashfin defeats the forces of Castilian King Alfonso VI.
1157 – The Battle of Grathe Heath ends the civil war in Denmark. King Sweyn III is killed and Valdemar I restores the country.
1295 – The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France against England is signed in Paris.
1641 – Outbreak of the Irish Rebellion of 1641.
1642 – Battle of Edgehill: First major battle of the First English Civil War.
1694 – British/American colonial forces, led by Sir William Phips, fail to seize Quebec from the French.
1707 – The first Parliament of Great Britain meets.
1739 – War of Jenkins' Ear starts: British Prime Minister Robert Walpole, reluctantly declares war on Spain.
1777: British fleet suffers defeat at Fort Mifflin, Pennsylvania
1812 – Claude François de Malet, a French general, begins a conspiracy to overthrow Napoleon Bonaparte, claiming that the Emperor died in Russia and that he is now the commandant of Paris.
1813: The Americans operating the Pacific Fur Company trading post in Astoria, Oregon, turn the post over to their rivals in the British North West Company, and for the next three decades Britons dominate the fur trade of the Pacific Northwest.
1819 – The first ship sails through the Erie Canal in New York from Rome to Ithaca.
1850 – The first National Women's Rights Convention begins in Worcester, Massachusetts, United States.
1855: In opposition to the fraudulently elected pro-slavery legislature of Kansas, the Kansas Free State forces set up a governor and legislature under their Topeka Constitution, a document that outlaws slavery in the territory.
1861 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in Washington, D.C., for all military-related cases.
1864: Confederate General Sterling Price's raid on Missouri nearly turns into disaster when his army is pinned between two Union forces under General Samuel R. Curtis at Westport, Missouri, near Kansas City. Although outnumbered, Price's forces managed to slip safely away after the Battle of Westport, which was the biggest conflict west of the Mississippi River.
1867 – Seventy-two Senators are summoned by Royal Proclamation to serve as the first members of the Canadian Senate.
1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Metz concludes with a decisive Prussian victory.
1890: President Benjamin Harrison issues a proclamation that extends the northern boundary of Nebraska into the Dakota territory. The decree also declares that all Indian claims to Nebraska territory have been officially "extinguished."
1906 – Alberto Santos-Dumont flies an airplane in the first heavier-than-air flight in Europe at Champs de Bagatelle, Paris, France.
1911 – First use of aircraft in war: Italo-Turkish War: An Italian pilot takes off from Libya to observe Turkish army lines.
1912 – First Balkan War: The Battle of Kumanovo between the Serbian and Ottoman armies begins.
1913: The “new” Jamaica Station for the Long Island Rail Road opened. It is the largest transit hub on Long Island and is one of the busiest railroad stations in the country, with over 200,000 daily passengers.
1915: In New York City, 25,000-33,000 women march on Fifth Avenue to advocate their right to vote.
1917: Lenin calls for the October Revolution.
1929: On October 23, 1929 (“Black Tuesday”), the Dow Jones Industrial Average plunged, starting the stock-market crash that began the Great Depression.
1933 – In Greencastle, IN, John Dillinger and his gang rob Central National Bank, taking $75,000.
1935 – Dutch Schultz, Abe Landau, Otto Berman, and Bernard "Lulu" Rosencrantz are fatally shot at a saloon in Newark, New Jersey in what will become known as The Chophouse Massacre.
1939 – The Japanese Mitsubishi G4M twin-engine "Betty" Bomber makes its maiden flight.
1941: World War II: Chief of the Soviet general staff, Field Marshal Georgi K. Zhukov, assumes command of Red Army operations to prevent the further advance into Russia of German forces into the heart of Russia and to prevent the Wehrmacht from capturing Moscow.
1942: World War II: At the Second Battle of El Alamein in northern Egypt, the British Eighth Army under Field Marshal Montgomery begins a critical offensive to expel the Axis armies from Egypt.
1942 – All 12 passengers and crewmen aboard an American Airlines DC-3 airliner are killed when it is struck by a U.S. Army Air Forces bomber near Palm Springs, California. Amongst the victims is award-winning composer and songwriter Ralph Rainger ("Thanks for the Memory", "Love in Bloom", "Blue Hawaii").
1942 – World War II: The Battle for Henderson Field begins during the Guadalcanal Campaign and ends on October 26.
1944: World War II: The Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history, begins in the Philippines.
1946 – The United Nations General Assembly convenes for the first time, at an auditorium in Flushing, Queens, New York City.
1955 – Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm defeats former emperor Bảo Đại in a referendum and founds the Republic of Vietnam.
1855: In opposition to the fraudulently elected pro-slavery legislature of Kansas, the Kansas Free State forces set up a governor and legislature under their Topeka Constitution, a document that outlaws slavery in the territory.
1861 – U.S. President Abraham Lincoln suspends the writ of habeas corpus in Washington, D.C., for all military-related cases.
1864: Confederate General Sterling Price's raid on Missouri nearly turns into disaster when his army is pinned between two Union forces under General Samuel R. Curtis at Westport, Missouri, near Kansas City. Although outnumbered, Price's forces managed to slip safely away after the Battle of Westport, which was the biggest conflict west of the Mississippi River.
1867 – Seventy-two Senators are summoned by Royal Proclamation to serve as the first members of the Canadian Senate.
1870 – Franco-Prussian War: The Siege of Metz concludes with a decisive Prussian victory.
1890: President Benjamin Harrison issues a proclamation that extends the northern boundary of Nebraska into the Dakota territory. The decree also declares that all Indian claims to Nebraska territory have been officially "extinguished."
1906 – Alberto Santos-Dumont flies an airplane in the first heavier-than-air flight in Europe at Champs de Bagatelle, Paris, France.
1911 – First use of aircraft in war: Italo-Turkish War: An Italian pilot takes off from Libya to observe Turkish army lines.
1912 – First Balkan War: The Battle of Kumanovo between the Serbian and Ottoman armies begins.
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| 1913 - Long Island Railroad's Jamaica Station from whatwasthere.com |
1915: In New York City, 25,000-33,000 women march on Fifth Avenue to advocate their right to vote.
1917: Lenin calls for the October Revolution.
 |
| Bank Run on the American Union Bank 281 West 37th Street, New York from whatwasthere.com, |
1933 – In Greencastle, IN, John Dillinger and his gang rob Central National Bank, taking $75,000.
1935 – Dutch Schultz, Abe Landau, Otto Berman, and Bernard "Lulu" Rosencrantz are fatally shot at a saloon in Newark, New Jersey in what will become known as The Chophouse Massacre.
1939 – The Japanese Mitsubishi G4M twin-engine "Betty" Bomber makes its maiden flight.
1941: World War II: Chief of the Soviet general staff, Field Marshal Georgi K. Zhukov, assumes command of Red Army operations to prevent the further advance into Russia of German forces into the heart of Russia and to prevent the Wehrmacht from capturing Moscow.
1942: World War II: At the Second Battle of El Alamein in northern Egypt, the British Eighth Army under Field Marshal Montgomery begins a critical offensive to expel the Axis armies from Egypt.
1942 – All 12 passengers and crewmen aboard an American Airlines DC-3 airliner are killed when it is struck by a U.S. Army Air Forces bomber near Palm Springs, California. Amongst the victims is award-winning composer and songwriter Ralph Rainger ("Thanks for the Memory", "Love in Bloom", "Blue Hawaii").
1942 – World War II: The Battle for Henderson Field begins during the Guadalcanal Campaign and ends on October 26.
1944: World War II: The Battle of Leyte Gulf, the largest naval battle in history, begins in the Philippines.
1946 – The United Nations General Assembly convenes for the first time, at an auditorium in Flushing, Queens, New York City.
1955 – Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm defeats former emperor Bảo Đại in a referendum and founds the Republic of Vietnam.
1956: Thousands of Hungarians protest against the government and Soviet occupation.
1958 – The Springhill Mine bump: An underground earthquake traps 174 miners in the No. 2 colliery at Springhill, Nova Scotia, the deepest coal mine in North America at the time. By November 1, rescuers from around the world had dug out 100 of the victims, marking the death toll at 74.
1958 – The Smurfs, a fictional race of blue dwarves, later popularized in a Hanna-Barbera animated cartoon series, appear for the first time in the story La flute à six schtroumpfs, a Johan and Peewit adventure by Peyo, which is serialized in the weekly Spirou magazine.
1965 – Vietnam War: In action following the clash at the Plei Me Special Forces camp 30 miles southwest of Pleiku earlier in the month, the 1st Cavalry Division (United States) (Airmobile), in conjunction with South Vietnamese forces, launches Operation Silver Bayonet, a new operation seeking to destroy North Vietnamese forces in Pleiku in the II Corps Tactical Zone (the Central Highlands).
1970 – Gary Gabelich sets a land speed record in a rocket-powered automobile called the Blue Flame, fueled with natural gas.
1972 – Operation Linebacker, a US bombing campaign against North Vietnam in response to its Easter Offensive, ends after five months.
1973 – The Watergate scandal: US President Richard M. Nixon agrees to turn over subpoenaed audio tapes of his Oval Office conversations.
1973 – A United Nations sanctioned cease-fire officially ends the Yom Kippur War between Israel and Syria.
1983 – Lebanese Civil War: The U.S. Marines barracks at Beirut International Airport in Lebanon is hit by a truck bomb, killing 241 U.S. military personnel, most of them Marines. A French army barracks in Lebanon is also hit that same morning, killing 58 troops.
1989 – The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by president Mátyás Szűrös, replacing the communist Hungarian People's Republic.
1989 – Bankruptcy of Wärtsilä Marine; the biggest bankruptcy in the nordic countries until then.
1993 – The Troubles: A Provisional IRA bomb prematurely detonates in the Shankill area of Belfast, killing the bomber and nine civilians. Ulster loyalists retaliate a week later with the Greysteel massacre.
1995 – Yolanda Saldívar is found guilty of first-degree murder in the shooting death of popular Latin singer Selena. Three days later, Saldívar was sentenced to life in prison, eligible for parole in 2025.
1998 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian Chairman Yasser Arafat reach a "land for peace" agreement.
1998 – Swatch Internet Time, a measure of 1000 "beats" per day was inaugurated by the Swatch Group.
2002 – Moscow Theatre Siege begins: About 50 Chechen terrorists seize the House of Culture theater in Moscow during a sold-out performance of a popular musical, taking approximately 700 theater-goers hostage.
1958 – The Springhill Mine bump: An underground earthquake traps 174 miners in the No. 2 colliery at Springhill, Nova Scotia, the deepest coal mine in North America at the time. By November 1, rescuers from around the world had dug out 100 of the victims, marking the death toll at 74.
1958 – The Smurfs, a fictional race of blue dwarves, later popularized in a Hanna-Barbera animated cartoon series, appear for the first time in the story La flute à six schtroumpfs, a Johan and Peewit adventure by Peyo, which is serialized in the weekly Spirou magazine.
1965 – Vietnam War: In action following the clash at the Plei Me Special Forces camp 30 miles southwest of Pleiku earlier in the month, the 1st Cavalry Division (United States) (Airmobile), in conjunction with South Vietnamese forces, launches Operation Silver Bayonet, a new operation seeking to destroy North Vietnamese forces in Pleiku in the II Corps Tactical Zone (the Central Highlands).
1970 – Gary Gabelich sets a land speed record in a rocket-powered automobile called the Blue Flame, fueled with natural gas.
1972 – Operation Linebacker, a US bombing campaign against North Vietnam in response to its Easter Offensive, ends after five months.
1973 – The Watergate scandal: US President Richard M. Nixon agrees to turn over subpoenaed audio tapes of his Oval Office conversations.
1973 – A United Nations sanctioned cease-fire officially ends the Yom Kippur War between Israel and Syria.
1983 – Lebanese Civil War: The U.S. Marines barracks at Beirut International Airport in Lebanon is hit by a truck bomb, killing 241 U.S. military personnel, most of them Marines. A French army barracks in Lebanon is also hit that same morning, killing 58 troops.
1987: The U.S. Senate rejected, 58-42, the Supreme Court nomination of Robert H. Bork.
1989 – The Hungarian Republic is officially declared by president Mátyás Szűrös, replacing the communist Hungarian People's Republic.
1989 – Bankruptcy of Wärtsilä Marine; the biggest bankruptcy in the nordic countries until then.
1993 – The Troubles: A Provisional IRA bomb prematurely detonates in the Shankill area of Belfast, killing the bomber and nine civilians. Ulster loyalists retaliate a week later with the Greysteel massacre.
1995 – Yolanda Saldívar is found guilty of first-degree murder in the shooting death of popular Latin singer Selena. Three days later, Saldívar was sentenced to life in prison, eligible for parole in 2025.
1998 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian Chairman Yasser Arafat reach a "land for peace" agreement.
1998 – Swatch Internet Time, a measure of 1000 "beats" per day was inaugurated by the Swatch Group.
2002 – Moscow Theatre Siege begins: About 50 Chechen terrorists seize the House of Culture theater in Moscow during a sold-out performance of a popular musical, taking approximately 700 theater-goers hostage.
2004 – A powerful earthquake and its aftershocks hit Niigata Prefecture, northern Japan, killing 35 people, injuring 2,200, and leaving 85,000 homeless or evacuated.
2007 – A powerful cold front in the Bay of Campeche causes the Usumacinta jackup rig to collide with Kab 101, leading to the death and drowning of 22 people during rescue operations after evacuation of the rig.
2011 – A powerful 7.2 magnitude earthquake strikes Van Province, Turkey, killing 582 people and injuring thousands.
2011 – The Libyan National Transition Council deems the Libyan Civil War over.
2012 – After 38 years, the world's first teletext service (BBC's Ceefax) ceases broadcast due to Northern Ireland completing the digital switchover.
2007 – A powerful cold front in the Bay of Campeche causes the Usumacinta jackup rig to collide with Kab 101, leading to the death and drowning of 22 people during rescue operations after evacuation of the rig.
2011 – A powerful 7.2 magnitude earthquake strikes Van Province, Turkey, killing 582 people and injuring thousands.
2011 – The Libyan National Transition Council deems the Libyan Civil War over.
2012 – After 38 years, the world's first teletext service (BBC's Ceefax) ceases broadcast due to Northern Ireland completing the digital switchover.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Feast of the Most Holy Redeemer. Greater Double.
Contemporary Western
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius
Giovanni da Capistrano
Ignatius of Constantinople
Severin of Cologne
Giovanni da Capistrano
Ignatius of Constantinople
Severin of Cologne
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
James the Just (Lutheran/Episcopal Church)
Eastern Orthodox
October 23 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Apostle James the Brother of the Lord (62)
Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople (877)
Apostle James the Brother of the Lord (62)
Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople (877)
Coptic Orthodox
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