________
97 – Emperor Nerva is forced by the Praetorian Guard to adopt general Marcus Ulpius Trajanus as his heir and successor.
306: Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor.
312: At the Battle of the Milvian Bridge, Constantine I defeats Maxentius, becoming the sole Roman emperor in the West.
456 – The Visigoths brutally sack the Suebi's capital of Braga (Portugal), and the town's churches are burnt to the ground.
969 – Byzantine general Michael Bourtzes seizes part of Antioch's fortifications. The capture of the city from the Arabs is completed three days later, when reinforcements under the stratopedarches Peter arrive.
1061 – Empress Agnes, acting as regent for her son, brings about the election of bishop Cadalus, the antipope Honorius II.
1344 – The lower town of Smyrna is captured by Crusaders.
1420 – Beijing is officially designated the capital of the Ming dynasty on the same year that the Forbidden City, the seat of government, is completed.
1449 – Christian I is crowned king of Denmark.
1492 – Christopher Columbus discovered Cuba on his first voyage to the New World.
1516 – Battle of Yaunis Khan: Turkish forces under the Grand Vizier Sinan Pasha defeat the Mamluks near Gaza.
1531 – Battle of Amba Sel: Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi again defeats the army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia. The southern part of Ethiopia falls under Imam Ahmad's control.
1538 – The first university in the New World (in present-day Dominican Republic), the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is established.
1628 – French Wars of Religion: The Siege of La Rochelle, which had lasted for 14 months, ends with the surrender of the Huguenots.
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| 1899: Harvard Gate, Harvard University |
1664 – The Duke of York and Albany's Maritime Regiment of Foot, later to be known as the Royal Marines, is established.
1707 – The 1707 Hōei earthquake causes more than 5,000 deaths in Honshu, Shikoku and Kyūshū, Japan
1775: The new commander in chief of the British army, Major General Sir William Howe, issues a proclamation to the residents of Boston. Speaking from British headquarters in Boston, Howe forbade any person from leaving the city and ordered citizens to organize into military companies in order to "contribute all in his power for the preservation of order and good government within the town of Boston."
1776 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of White Plains: British Army forces arrive at White Plains, attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans.
1793 – Eli Whitney applies for a patent on the cotton gin.
1834 – The Pinjarra massacre occurred in the Swan River Colony at present-day Pinjarra, Western Australia. An estimated 30 Noongar people were killed by British colonists.
1835 – The United Tribes of New Zealand is established with the signature of the Declaration of Independence.
1848 – The first railroad in Spain between Barcelona and Mataró is opened.
1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Fair Oaks & Darbytown Road (also known as the Second Battle of Fair Oaks) ends when Union forces under General Ulysses S. Grant withdraw from Fair Oaks, Virginia, after failing to breach the Confederate defenses around Richmond, Virginia. The assault was actually a diversion to draw attention from a larger Union offensive around Petersburg, Virginia.
1886 – In New York Harbor, President Grover Cleveland dedicates the Statue of Liberty, a gift of friendship from the people of France to the people of the United States. The first ticker tape parade takes place in New York City when office workers spontaneously throw ticker tape into the streets as the statue is dedicated.
1891 – The Mino-Owari earthquake, the largest inland earthquake in Japan's history, strikes Gifu Prefecture.
1893 – Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 6 in B Minor, Pathétique, receives its première performance in St. Petersburg, only nine days before the composer's death.
1904 – Panama and Uruguay establish diplomatic links.
1915 – Richard Strauss conducts the first performance of his tone poem Eine Alpensinfonie in Berlin.
1918 – World War I: Czechoslovakia is granted independence from Austria-Hungary marking the beginning of an independent Czechoslovak state, after 300 years.
1918 – A new Polish government in Western Galicia is established.
1918: Sailors in the German High Seas Fleet steadfastly refuse to obey an order from the German Admiralty to go to sea to launch one final attack on the mighty British navy, echoing the frustrated, despondent mood of many on the side of the Central Powers during the last days of World War I.
1919: Congress passes the Volstead Act over President Woodrow Wilson's veto, paving the way for Prohibition to begin the following January. The Volstead Act provided for the enforcement of the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, also known as the Prohibition Amendment.
1922 – March on Rome: Italian fascists led by Benito Mussolini march on Rome and take over the Italian government.
1928 – Declaration of the Youth Pledge in Indonesia, the first time Indonesia Raya, now the national anthem, was sung.
1929 – Black Monday, a day in the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which also saw major stock market upheaval.
1940 – After Greece rejects Italy's ultimatum, the Greco-Italian War began, marking Greece's entry into World War II, as Mussolini's army, already occupying Albania, invades Greece in what will prove to be a disastrous military campaign for the Duce's forces.
1942: The Alaska Highway (Alcan Highway) is completed through Canada to Fairbanks, Alaska.
1948 – Swiss chemist Paul Müller is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of the insecticidal properties of DDT.
1949 – An Air France Lockheed Constellation crashes in the Azores killing all people on board, including the French former middleweight world champion boxer Marcel Cerdan and French violinist Ginette Neveu.
1958: John XXIII is elected Pope
1962 – The Cuban Missile crisis comes to a close as Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agrees to remove Russian missiles from Cuba in exchange for a promise from the United States to respect Cuba's territorial sovereignty.
1964 – Vietnam War: U.S. T-28 airplanes flown by Thai pilots bomb and strafe North Vietnamese villages in the Mugia Pass area. North Vietnam charged publicly that U.S. personnel participated in the raids, but U.S. officials denied that any Americans were involved.
1965: Construction is completed on the Gateway Arch, a spectacular 630-foot-high parabola of stainless steel marking the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial on the waterfront of St. Louis, Missouri.
1965: Viet Cong commandos damage and destroy a number of allied aircraft in two separate raids on U.S. air bases, including Chu Lai, on the coast of the South China Sea in Quang Tin Province, I Corps.
1965 – Nostra aetate, the "Declaration on the Relation of the Church with Non-Christian Religions" of the Second Vatican Council, is promulgated by Pope Paul VI; it absolves the Jews of responsibility for the death of Jesus, reversing Innocent III's 760-year-old declaration.
1965 – Construction on the St. Louis Arch is completed.
1971 – Britain launches the satellite Prospero into low Earth orbit atop a Black Arrow carrier rocket, the only British satellite to date launched by a British rocket.
1982 – The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party wins elections, leading to the first Socialist government in Spain after death of Franco. Felipe González becomes Prime Minister-elect.
1990 – The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic holds the first multiparty legislature election in the country's history.
1995 – 289 people are killed and 265 injured in Baku Metro fire, the deadliest subway disaster.
1998 – An Air China jetliner is hijacked by disgruntled pilot Yuan Bin and flown to Taiwan.
2005 – Plame affair: Lewis Libby, Vice-president Dick Cheney's chief of staff, is indicted in the Valerie Plame case. Libby resigns later that day.
2006 – The funeral service takes place for those executed at Bykivnia forest, outside Kiev, Ukraine. Eight hundred seventeen Ukrainian civilians (out of some 100,000) executed by Bolsheviks at Bykivnia in 1930s – early 1940s are reburied.
2006 – A group of ferocious activists of Bangladesh Awami League attacked one of their rival political party meeting in Dhaka with oars and sculls and killed their 14 activists.
2007 – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner becomes the first woman elected President of Argentina.
2009 – The 28 October 2009 Peshawar bombing kills 117 and wounds 213.
2009 – NASA successfully launches the Ares I-X mission, the only rocket launch for its later-cancelled Constellation program.
2013 – Five people are killed and 38 are injured after a car crashes into barriers just outside the Forbidden City in Tiananmen Square, Beijing, China.
2014 – An unmanned Antares rocket carrying NASA's Cygnus CRS Orb-3 resupply mission to the International Space Station explodes seconds after taking off from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport in Virginia.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Simon and Jude, Apostles. Double of the Second Class.
Contemporary Western
Abdias of Babylon
Eadsige
Faro
Fidelis of Como
Godwin of Stavelot
Jude the Apostle
Lord of Miracles (Lima)
Simon the Zealot
Eadsige
Faro
Fidelis of Como
Godwin of Stavelot
Jude the Apostle
Lord of Miracles (Lima)
Simon the Zealot
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
Martyrs Terence and Neonilla, of Syria, and their children (249)
Sarbelus, Photus, Theodulus, Hierax, Nitus, Bele, and Eunice
Great-martyr Paraskevi of Iconium (3rd century)
Venerable Saints Firmilian, Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia (c. 269),
and Malchion, priest of Antioch (late 3rd century)
Hieromartyr Cyriacus, Chorepiscopus of Jerusalem,
and his mother, Martyr Anna (both 363)
Venerable Diomedes the Young, of Cyprus, Wonderworker (c. 4th century)
Saint Abramius of Ephesus, Bishop of Ephesus (6th century)
Saint Febronia (632), daughter of Emperor Heraclius
Venerable Stephen of Mar Sabbas monastery in Palestine, hymnographer (807)
Saint John the Chozebite, Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine (532)
Hieromartyr Neophytus, bishop of Urbnisi, Georgia (7th century)
Martyrs Terence, Africanus, Maximus, Pompeius, and 36 others, at Carthage (250)
Martyrs Anastasia and Cyril, early martyrs in Rome (c. 253)
Martyr Cyrilla, the daughter of St Tryphonia (c. 268)
Martyr Fidelis of Como, an Italian soldier-saint,
martyred in Lombardy under Maximian Herculeus (304)
Saint Honoratus of Vercelli, Bishop of Vercelli (c. 415)
Saint Ferrutius of Mainz, Germany
Saint Salvius (Saire), a hermit in France who lived at the place
now called Saint-Saireafter him (6th century)
Saint Faro, Bishop of Meaux in France (626),
he greatly encouraged monasticism, confessor (675)
Saint Godwin of Stavelot, Abbot of the monastery of Stavelot-Malmédy in Belgium (c. 690)
Saint Dorbheneus (Dorbhene), Abbot of Iona (713)
Saint Anglinus, tenth Abbot of Stavelot-Malmédy near Liège in Belgium (c. 768)
Saint Alberic, Abbot of Stavelot-Malmédy in Belgium (779)
Saint Remigius of Lyon, Archbishop of Lyons in France (875)
Saint Eadsin (Eadsige), thirty-third Archbishop of Canterbury,
England, who Crowned King Edward the Confessor (1050)
Saint Arsenius of Srem, Archbishop of Serbia (1266)
Venerable Athanasius I, Patriarch of Constantinople (Mt. Athos) (1340)
Saint Nestor (not the Chronicler) of the Kiev Caves (14th century)
Righteous Virgin Parasceva of Pirimin
on the Pinega River (Arkhangelsk) (16th century)
Venerable Job of Pochayiv, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev (1651)
Saint Demetrius of Rostov, Metropolitan of Rostov (1709)
New Martyrs Angelis, Manuel, George, and Nicholas,
at Rethymno on Crete (1824)
Repose of St. Theophilus, Fool-for-Christ, of Kiev (1853)
Venerable Arsenius of Cappadocia (1924)
New Hieromartyr John Vilensky, Priest of Yaroslavl-Rostov (1918)
New Hieromartyr Michael Lektorsky, Archpriest of Kuban (1921)
Synaxis of the Shrine of Panagia Eleftherotria ("Our Lady of Deliverance")
of Athens, Greece
Synaxis of the Church of Panagia Eleftherotria ("Our Lady of Deliverance")
of Didymoteicho, Greece
Commemoration of Schema-Igumen Adrian (Antoniv)
of Poltava and Kozelschansk (1953)
Repose of Elder Epiphanius (Theodoropoulos) of Athens (1989)
Great-martyr Paraskevi of Iconium (3rd century)
Venerable Saints Firmilian, Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia (c. 269),
and Malchion, priest of Antioch (late 3rd century)
Hieromartyr Cyriacus, Chorepiscopus of Jerusalem,
and his mother, Martyr Anna (both 363)
Venerable Diomedes the Young, of Cyprus, Wonderworker (c. 4th century)
Saint Abramius of Ephesus, Bishop of Ephesus (6th century)
Saint Febronia (632), daughter of Emperor Heraclius
Venerable Stephen of Mar Sabbas monastery in Palestine, hymnographer (807)
Saint John the Chozebite, Bishop of Caesarea in Palestine (532)
Hieromartyr Neophytus, bishop of Urbnisi, Georgia (7th century)
Martyrs Terence, Africanus, Maximus, Pompeius, and 36 others, at Carthage (250)
Martyrs Anastasia and Cyril, early martyrs in Rome (c. 253)
Martyr Cyrilla, the daughter of St Tryphonia (c. 268)
Martyr Fidelis of Como, an Italian soldier-saint,
martyred in Lombardy under Maximian Herculeus (304)
Saint Honoratus of Vercelli, Bishop of Vercelli (c. 415)
Saint Ferrutius of Mainz, Germany
Saint Salvius (Saire), a hermit in France who lived at the place
now called Saint-Saireafter him (6th century)
Saint Faro, Bishop of Meaux in France (626),
he greatly encouraged monasticism, confessor (675)
Saint Godwin of Stavelot, Abbot of the monastery of Stavelot-Malmédy in Belgium (c. 690)
Saint Dorbheneus (Dorbhene), Abbot of Iona (713)
Saint Anglinus, tenth Abbot of Stavelot-Malmédy near Liège in Belgium (c. 768)
Saint Alberic, Abbot of Stavelot-Malmédy in Belgium (779)
Saint Remigius of Lyon, Archbishop of Lyons in France (875)
Saint Eadsin (Eadsige), thirty-third Archbishop of Canterbury,
England, who Crowned King Edward the Confessor (1050)
Saint Arsenius of Srem, Archbishop of Serbia (1266)
Venerable Athanasius I, Patriarch of Constantinople (Mt. Athos) (1340)
Saint Nestor (not the Chronicler) of the Kiev Caves (14th century)
Righteous Virgin Parasceva of Pirimin
on the Pinega River (Arkhangelsk) (16th century)
Venerable Job of Pochayiv, Abbot and Wonderworker of Pochaev (1651)
Saint Demetrius of Rostov, Metropolitan of Rostov (1709)
New Martyrs Angelis, Manuel, George, and Nicholas,
at Rethymno on Crete (1824)
Repose of St. Theophilus, Fool-for-Christ, of Kiev (1853)
Venerable Arsenius of Cappadocia (1924)
New Hieromartyr John Vilensky, Priest of Yaroslavl-Rostov (1918)
New Hieromartyr Michael Lektorsky, Archpriest of Kuban (1921)
Synaxis of the Shrine of Panagia Eleftherotria ("Our Lady of Deliverance")
of Athens, Greece
Synaxis of the Church of Panagia Eleftherotria ("Our Lady of Deliverance")
of Didymoteicho, Greece
Commemoration of Schema-Igumen Adrian (Antoniv)
of Poltava and Kozelschansk (1953)
Repose of Elder Epiphanius (Theodoropoulos) of Athens (1989)
Coptic Orthodox
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