1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
1540 – Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of treason. Henry marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day.
1571 – La Laguna encomienda, known today as the Laguna province in the Philippines is founded by the Spaniards as one of the oldest encomiendas (provinces) in the country.
1794 – French Revolution: Maximilien Robespierre and Louis Antoine de Saint-Just are executed by guillotine in Paris, France.
1808 – Mahmud II became Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and Caliph of Islam.
1809 – Peninsular War: Battle of Talavera: Sir Arthur Wellesley's British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by Joseph Bonaparte.
1821 – José de San Martín declares the independence of Peru from Spain.
1854 – USS Constellation (1854), the last all-sail warship built by the United States Navy, is commissioned.
1864 – The Battle of Ezra Church was fought in Fulton County, Georgia during the Atlanta Campaign of the Civil War. Confederate troops make a third unsuccessful attempt to drive Union forces from Atlanta, Georgia.
1866 – At the age of 18, Vinnie Ream becomes the first and youngest female artist to receive a commission from the United States government for a statue (of Abraham Lincoln).
1868 – The 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution is certified, establishing African American citizenship and guaranteeing due process of law.
1896 – The city of Miami, Florida is incorporated.
1900 – In Connecticut Louis Lassing creates hamburger meat.
1914 – World War I: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after Serbia rejects the conditions of an ultimatum sent by Austria on July 23 following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
1932 – U.S. President Herbert Hoover orders the United States Army to forcibly evict the "Bonus Army" of World War I veterans gathered in Washington, D.C.
1933 – Diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Spain are established.
1935 – First flight of the Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress.
1938 – Hawaii Clipper disappears between Guam and Manila as the first loss of an airliner in trans-Pacific China Clipper service.
1942 – World War II: Soviet leader Joseph Stalin issues Order No. 227 in response to alarming German advances into the Soviet Union. Under the order all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so are to be tried in a military court, with punishments including duty in a penal battalion, imprisonment in a gulag, or execution.
1943 – World War II: Operation Gomorrah: The Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg, Germany causing a firestorm that kills 42,000 German civilians.
1943 – President Franklin Delano Roosevelt announced the end of coffee rationing in the US.
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| 1945 - Empire State Building Crash, 387 5th Ave. from whatwasthere.com |
1948 – The Metropolitan Police Flying Squad foils a bullion robbery in the "Battle of London Airport".
1955 – The Union Mundial pro Interlingua is founded at the first Interlingua congress in Tours, France.
1957 – Heavy rain and a mudslide in Isahaya, western Kyushu, Japan, kills 992.
1965 – Vietnam War: U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson announces his order to increase the number of United States troops in South Vietnam from 75,000 to 125,000.
1973 – Summer Jam at Watkins Glen: Nearly 600,000 people attend a rock festival at the Watkins Glen International Raceway.
1974 – Spetsgruppa A, Russia's elite special force, was formed.
1976 – The Tangshan earthquake measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 moment magnitude flattens Tangshan in the People's Republic of China, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.
1984 – The 1984 Summer Olympics officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad were opened in Los Angeles USA.
1993 – Andorra joins the United Nations.
1996 – The remains of a prehistoric man are discovered near Kennewick, Washington. Such remains will be known as the Kennewick Man.
2001 – Australian Ian Thorpe becomes the first swimmer to win six gold medals at a single World Championships.
2005 – The Provisional Irish Republican Army calls an end to its thirty-year-long armed campaign in Northern Ireland.
2008 – The historic Grand Pier in Weston-super-Mare burns down for the second time in 80 years.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Nazarius, Celsus, and Victor, Martyrs, and Innocent, Pope of Rome, and Confessor Semi-double.
Contemporary Western
Alphonsa Muttathupadathu (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church)
Nazarius and Celsus
Pedro Poveda Castroverde
Nazarius and Celsus
Pedro Poveda Castroverde
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frederick Handel, Henry Purcell (Episcopal Church)
Johann Sebastian Bach, Heinrich Schütz, George Frederick Handel (Lutheran)
Johann Sebastian Bach, Heinrich Schütz, George Frederick Handel (Lutheran)
Eastern Orthodox
July 28 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon and Parmenas, deacons of the Seventy Apostles
Martyr Eustachius of Ancyra, soldier (316)
Martyr Acacius of Apamea (321)
Martyr Julian of Dalmatia (1st century)
Saint Pitirim, Bishop of Tambov (1698)
Saint Irene of Cappadocia (Saint Irene Chrysovalantou) (921)
Saint Paul of Xeropotamou Monastery on Mount Athos (820)
Saint Moses of the Kiev Caves, wonderworker
Saints Ursus and Leobatius, brother-abbots in Gaul
Martyr Drosida
Martyr Christodulos of Kassandra
853 martyrs of Thrace who were drowned
Appearance of the "Smolensk" and "Suprasl" Hodigitria Icons of the Most Holy Theotokos
Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos "Of Tender Feeling-Diveyevo", before which Saint Seraphim reposed
Repose of Abbess Daria of Sezenovo (1858)
Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon and Parmenas, deacons of the Seventy Apostles
Martyr Eustachius of Ancyra, soldier (316)
Martyr Acacius of Apamea (321)
Martyr Julian of Dalmatia (1st century)
Saint Pitirim, Bishop of Tambov (1698)
Saint Irene of Cappadocia (Saint Irene Chrysovalantou) (921)
Saint Paul of Xeropotamou Monastery on Mount Athos (820)
Saint Moses of the Kiev Caves, wonderworker
Saints Ursus and Leobatius, brother-abbots in Gaul
Martyr Drosida
Martyr Christodulos of Kassandra
853 martyrs of Thrace who were drowned
Appearance of the "Smolensk" and "Suprasl" Hodigitria Icons of the Most Holy Theotokos
Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos "Of Tender Feeling-Diveyevo", before which Saint Seraphim reposed
Repose of Abbess Daria of Sezenovo (1858)
Coptic Orthodox
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