811 – Byzantine emperor Nikephoros I plunders the Bulgarian capital of Pliska and captures khan Krum's treasury.
1319 – A Knights Hospitaller fleet scores a crushing victory over an Aydinid fleet off Chios.
1632 – Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe, France.
1677 – Scanian War: Denmark–Norway captures the harbor town of Marstrand from Sweden.
1793 – Kingdom of Prussia re-conquers Mainz from France.
1821 – While the Mora Rebellion continues, Greeks capture Monemvasia Castle. Turkish troops and citizens are transferred to Minor Asia coasts.
1829 – William Austin Burt patents America's first typewriter, originally known as the typograph.
1840 – The Province of Canada is created by the Act of Union.
1862 – Henry Halleck is appointed general-in-chief of the Union Army. As general-in-chief, Halleck was in overall strategic command of the Union Army, and he was able to orchestrate numerous successes in the western theater. What he was not able to do was achieve success in the east. Ulysses S. Grant ended up being brought in to replace him as general-in-chief, with Halleck being moved to chief of staff.
1874 – Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos is appointed the Archbishop of the Portuguese colonial enclave of Goa, India.
1881 – The Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina is signed in Buenos Aires.
1885 – Former commander of the Union army and President of the United States Ulysses S. Grant died in Mount McGregor, New York.
1903 – The Ford Motor Company sells its first car.
1908 – The Second Constitution accepted by the Ottomans.
1914 – Austria-Hungary issues a series of demands in an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia demanding Serbia to allow the Austrians to determine who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Serbia accepts all but one of those demands and Austria declares war on July 28.
1926: Fox Film bought the patents of the Movietone sound system for recording sound onto film from the Case Research Lab, ushering in the era of the "talkies".
1927 – The first station of the Indian Broadcasting Company goes on the air in Bombay.
1929 – The Fascist government in Italy bans the use of foreign words.
1936 – In Catalonia, Spain, the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia is founded through the merger of Socialist and Communist parties.
1940 – The United States' Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles issues a declaration on the U.S. non-recognition policy of the Soviet annexation and incorporation of three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania.
1942 – The Holocaust: The Treblinka extermination camp is opened.
1942 – World War II: The German offensives Operation Edelweiss and Operation Braunschweig begin.
1942 – Bulgarian poet and Communist leader Nikola Vaptsarov is executed by firing squad.
1943 – The Rayleigh bath chair murder occurred in Rayleigh, Essex, England.
1943 – World War II: The British destroyers HMS Eclipse and HMS Laforey sink the Italian submarine Ascianghi in the Mediterranean after she torpedoes the cruiser HMS Newfoundland.
1945 – The post-war legal processes against Philippe Pétain begin.
1952 – The European Coal and Steel Community is established.
1952 – General Muhammad Naguib leads the Free Officers Movement (formed by Gamal Abdel Nasser, the real power behind the coup) in overthrowing King Farouk of Egypt.
1961 – The Sandinista National Liberation Front is founded in Nicaragua.
1962 – Telstar relays the first publicly transmitted, live trans-Atlantic television program, featuring Walter Cronkite.
1962 – The International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos is signed.
1962 – Jackie Robinson became the first Black man to be inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.
1967 – 12th Street Riot: In Detroit, Michigan, one of the worst riots in United States history begins on 12th Street in the predominantly African American inner city. It ultimately kills 43 people, injures 342 and burns about 1,400 buildings.
1968 – Glenville Shootout: In Cleveland, Ohio, a violent shootout between a Black Militant organization led by Ahmed Evans and the Cleveland Police Department occurs. During the shootout, a riot begins and lasts for five days.
1968 – The only successful hijacking of an El Al aircraft takes place when a Boeing 707 carrying ten crew and 38 passengers is taken over by three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. The aircraft was en route from Rome, Italy, to Lod, Israel.
1970 – Qaboos bin Said al Said becomes Sultan of Oman after overthrowing his father, Said bin Taimur initiating massive reforms, modernization programs and end to a decade long civil war.
1972 – The United States launches Landsat 1, the first Earth-resources satellite.
1973 – President Richard Nixon refuses to release tapes of conversations in the White House relevant to the Watergate investigation.
1974 – The Greek military junta collapses, and former Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis is invited to lead the new government, beginning Greece's metapolitefsi era.
1982 – The International Whaling Commission decides to end commercial whaling by 1985-86.
1983 – Thirteen Sri Lanka Army soldiers are killed after a deadly ambush by the militant Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.
1983 – Gimli Glider: Air Canada Flight 143 runs out of fuel and makes a deadstick landing at Gimli, Manitoba.
1984 – Vanessa Williams becomes the first Miss America to resign when she surrenders her crown after nude photos of her appeared in Penthouse magazine.
1986 – In London, England, Prince Andrew, Duke of York marries Sarah Ferguson at Westminster Abbey.
1988 – General Ne Win, effective ruler of Burma since 1962, resigns after pro-democracy protests.
1992 – A Vatican commission, led by Joseph Ratzinger, establishes that limiting certain rights of homosexual people and non-married couples is not equivalent to discrimination on grounds of race or gender.
1992 – Abkhazia declares independence from Georgia.
1993 – Agdam was occupied by Armenian separatists.
1995 – Comet Hale–Bopp is discovered; it becomes visible to the naked eye on Earth nearly a year later.
1997 – Digital Equipment Corporation files antitrust charges against chipmaker Intel.
1999 – Mohammed VI becomes King of Morocco.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Apollinaris, Bishop of Ravenna, Martyr. Double.
Commemoration of St. Liborius, Bishop of Mans, Confessor.
Commemoration of St. Liborius, Bishop of Mans, Confessor.
Contemporary Western
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
July 23 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Martyrs Trophimus, Theophilus, and 13 others in Lycia (4th century)
Hieromartyr Apollinaris, Bishop of Ravenna (75)
Righteous Hannah, mother of the Prophet Samuel (6th century BC)
Russian New martyr Nectarius Trezvinsky, Bishop of Yaransk
Hieromartyr Apollonius
Saint Anna of Constantinople
Hieromartyr Phocas
Venerable John Cassian the Roman, abbot of Monastery of St Victor, Marseille
Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochayiv Lavra (1675)
Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos "The Joy of All Who Sorrow" in Saint Petersburg
Translation of the Relics of Saint Herman (Germanus), Archbishop of Kazan
Martyrs Trophimus, Theophilus, and 13 others in Lycia (4th century)
Hieromartyr Apollinaris, Bishop of Ravenna (75)
Righteous Hannah, mother of the Prophet Samuel (6th century BC)
Russian New martyr Nectarius Trezvinsky, Bishop of Yaransk
Hieromartyr Apollonius
Saint Anna of Constantinople
Hieromartyr Phocas
Venerable John Cassian the Roman, abbot of Monastery of St Victor, Marseille
Commemoration of the Miraculous Appearance of the Mother of God at Pochayiv Lavra (1675)
Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos "The Joy of All Who Sorrow" in Saint Petersburg
Translation of the Relics of Saint Herman (Germanus), Archbishop of Kazan
Coptic Orthodox
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