43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later known as Augustus, compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul.
1153 – Baldwin III of Jerusalem takes control of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from his mother Melisende, and also captures Ascalon.
1263 King James I of Aragon censors Hebrew writing
1274 Edward I is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey after returning from the Ninth Crusade
1399 King Richard II of England surrenders to his cousin Henry
1458 Aenea Silvio Piccolomini chosen as Pope Pius II
1504 – Battle of Knockdoe, bloodiest battle of medieval Ireland fought in Galway between two Anglo-Irish lords, Gearoid Fitzgerald, Lord Deputy, defeats Ulick Finn Burke
1524 Emperor Charles V's troops besiege Marseille, France
1561 – Mary, Queen of Scots, who was 18-years-old, arrives in Leith, Scotland to assume the throne after spending 13 years in France.
1587 Sigismund III becomes King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania
1591 French King Henry IV occupies Rouen
1612 – The "Samlesbury witches", three women from the Lancashire village of Samlesbury, England, are put on trial, accused of practicing witchcraft, one of the most famous witch trials in British history.
1627 Prince Frederick Henry conquers fort Groenlo
1666 – Second Anglo-Dutch War: Rear Admiral Robert Holmes leads a raid on the Dutch island of Terschelling, destroying 150 merchant ships, an act later known as "Holmes's Bonfire".
1691 Battle at Slankamen: "the Bloodiest battle of the Century" Austrian Hapsburg force defeats Ottoman army, killing Grand Vizer Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha
1692 – Salem witch trials: In Salem, Province of Massachusetts Bay, five people, one woman and four men, including a clergyman, are executed after being convicted of witchcraft.
1702 -24] Battle at Santa Marta Venz: English fleet beat French
1745 – Prince Charles Edward Stuart (Bonnie Prince Charlie) raises his standard in Glenfinnan: The start of the Second Jacobite Rebellion, known as "the 45".
1757 Battle at Gross Jagerndorf: Russian army beats Prussia [NS=Aug 30]
1759 – Battle of Lagos Naval battle during the Seven Years' War between Great Britain and France.
1768 – Saint Isaac's Cathedral is founded in Saint Petersburg, Russia.
1772 – Gustav III of Sweden stages a coup d'état, in which he seizes effective control of Swedish government and restores full power of monarchy, which had been subordinate to parliament since 1720, and enacts a new constitution that divides power between the Riksdag and the King.
1782 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Blue Licks: The last major engagement of the war, almost ten months after the surrender of the British commander Charles Cornwallis following the Siege of Yorktown.
1791 Benjamin Banneker sends a copy of his Almanac and writes a letter to Thomas Jefferson criticizing his pro-slavery stance and requesting justice for African Americans using language from the Declaration of Independence
1793 Yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, then the US capital has its 1st fatality. Lasts till November killing around 5,000 people
1796 Spain & France sign anti-British alliance
1812 – War of 1812: American frigate USS Constitution defeats the British frigate HMS Guerriere off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada earning the nickname "Old Ironsides".
1813 – Gervasio Antonio de Posadas joins Argentina's Second Triumvirate.
1816 Java returns to Dutch rule after being controlled by the British for five years
1821 Failed liberal coup against French King Louis XVIII
1826 Canada Co. chartered to colonize Upper Canada (Ontario)
1836 HMS Beagle anchors at Angra, Azores
1839 – The French government announces that Louis Daguerre's photographic process is a gift "free to the world".
1849: California Gold Rush: The New York Herald breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States of the gold rush in California (although the rush started in January).
1854 – The First Sioux War begins when United States Army soldiers kill Lakota chief Conquering Bear and in return are massacred.
1861 – First ascent of Weisshorn, fifth highest summit in the Alps.
1861 Confederacy Congress allies with government of Missouri
1862 – American Indian Wars: During an uprising in Minnesota, Lakota warriors decide not to attack heavily-defended Fort Ridgely and instead turn to the settlement of New Ulm, killing white settlers along the way.
1864 2nd day of battle at Globe Tavern, Virginia, Union forces attempt to destroy Weldon Railroad Confederate supply route (successful 21 Ausgust)
1887 Dmitri Mendeleev makes a solo ascent by balloon to an altitude of 11,500 feet (3.5 km) above Klin, Russia to observe an eclipse
1891 William Huggins describes astronomical application of spectrum
1895 – American Frontier murderer and outlaw John Wesley Hardin is killed by John Selman Sr. an off-duty policeman, in a saloon in El Paso, Texas.
1897 1st electric taxis driven in London
1900 Start of first and only Olympic cricket match in Paris; GB beats France by 158 runs
1903 Philadelphia Phillies suffer record 9th straight postponed game
1905 Russian Tsar Nicholas II installs "Imperial Duma", without legislative powers
1909 Indianapolis Motor Speedway, home of automobile race Indianapolis 500, opens in Speedway, Indiana
1911 NY Giant Christy Mathewson loses after beating Reds 22 straight times
1912 Percy Grainger's orchestral piece "Shepherd's Hey" premieres
1913 Frenchman Adolphe Célestin Pégoud makes 1st parachute jump in Europe
1914 – The Ottoman-Bulgarian alliance is signed in Sofia.
1914 Elmer Rice's play "On Trial" premieres in NYC
1914 German army executes 150 Belgians by firing squad
1914 German fleet bombs the English coast
1914 Harris Theater (Candler, Coan & Harris) opens at 226 W 42nd St NYC
1914 In a message to the Senate, US President Woodrow Wilson urges the American people to be 'neutral in fact as well as name'
1915 British liner "SS Arabic" sunk by German submarine without warning leaving Liverpool for New York; killing 44. Creates diplomatic incident
1915 Rationing laws go into effect in Netherlands
1915 World War I: the Battle of Van begins
1917 Sunday benefit baseball game at NYC's Polo Grounds results in John McGraw & Christy Mathewson's arrest for violating Blue laws
1918 Irving Berlin's musical "Yip Yip Yaphank" premieres in NYC
1919 – After nearly 100 years of British control, Afghanistan gains full independence from the United Kingdom.
1921 Detroit's Tiger Ty Cobb, is 4th to get 3,000 hits against Boston Red Sox, the youngest ever
1922 US National Championship Women's Tennis, Germantown CC, PA: Molla Bjurstedt Mallory beats Helen Wills Moody 6-3, 6-1 for her 7th US singles crown
1927 – Metropolitan Sergius proclaims the declaration of loyalty of the Russian Orthodox Church to the Soviet Union.
1931 Lefty Grove wins AL record tying 16th consecutive game
1932 US National Championship Women's Tennis, Forest Hills, NY: Helen Jacobs beats Carolin Babcock Stark 6-2, 6-2 for her first of 4 straight US singles crowns
1934 – The first All-American Soap Box Derby is held in Dayton, Ohio.
1934 – The creation of the position Führer is approved by the German electorate with 89.9% of the popular vote.
1936 Trial against Ljev Kamenev & Grigori Zinovjev because of "Trotskyism" opens in Moscow
1939 37.6 cm rainfall at Tuckerton, NJ (state record)
1940 – First flight of the B-25 Mitchell medium bomber.
1941 Romania annexes the Transnistria territory from the Soviet Union after Operation Barbarossa
1942 -20] Winston Churchill visits Field Marshal Montgomery's headquarter in Burg-al-Arab
1942 World War II: General Friedrich Paulus orders the German 6th Army to conquer Stalingrad
1942 – World War II: Operation Jubilee: The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division leads an amphibious assault by allied forces on Dieppe, Seine-Maritime, France and fails. Over 4,000 Canadian and British soldiers are killed, wounded, or captured. The operation was intended to develop and try new amphibious landing tactics for the coming full invasion in Normandy.
1943 Belgian church excommunicates Nazi collaborator Léon Degrelle
1943 US air raid on German bases at Gilze-Rijen/Vlissingen
1944 Allied air raid on Maastricht, 80+ killed
1944 Last Japanese troops driven out of India
1944 Polish 1st Division occupies Hill 262 (Mont Ormel), Normandy
1944 US 15th Army Corps occupies Mantes-Gassicourt at Paris
1944 US 90th/Polish 1st Division occupy Chambois, Normandy
1944 US general Omar Bradley visits British general Bernard Montgom
1945 – August Revolution: Viet Minh led by Ho Chi Minh take power in Hanoi, Vietnam.
1947 J Arens & D van Dorpen synthetise vitamin A
1948 9th Venice Film Festival opens
1950 ABC begins Saturday morning kid shows (Animal Clinic & Acrobat Ranch)
1953 – Cold War: in a coup orchestrated by the CIA (under the name TPAJAX Project) and MI6 (under the name 'Operation Boot') the government of democratically elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in Iran is overthrown and Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi is reinstated.
1954 American Ralph Bunche is named undersecretary of the UN.
1955 – In the Northeast United States, severe flooding caused by Hurricane Diane, claims 200 lives becoming the first billion dollaar damage storm
1955 US raises import duty on bicycles 50%
1955 WINS radio (New York City), announces it will not play "copy" white cover versions of R&B records (DJ's play Fats Domino's "Ain't That A Shame," not Pat Boone's)
1957 NY Giants board of directors vote 8-1 to move their baseball franchise to San Francisco in 1958.
1957 US Major David Simons reaches 30,933m in a balloon
1958 NAACP Youth Council begin sit-ins at Oklahoma City Lunch counters
1959 Honolulu seeks a franchise in Continental League
1959 Satellite Discoverer 6 launched into polar orbit
1960 – Cold War: In Moscow, Russia, Soviet Union, downed American CIA pilot Francis Gary Powers is convicted of spying (U-2 incident); sentenced to 3 years in prison plus 7 in a labor camp, he served 17 months before being exchanged for a captured Soviet KGB spy.
1960 – Sputnik program: Korabl-Sputnik 2: The Soviet Union launches the satellite with the dogs Belka and Strelka, 40 mice, two rats and a variety of plants. First animals to return alive from orbit.
1960 The first commercial atomic energy reactor, owned by the Yankee Atomic Electric Company, achieves a self-sustaining nuclear reaction in Rowe, Deerfield River, Massachusetts
1961 US vice-president Lyndon B. Johnson visits West Berlin
1962 Homer Blancos plays finest round in golf, shooting a 55
1964 – Syncom 3, the first geostationary communication satellite, was launched.
1965 Auschwitz trials end with 6 life sentences
1965 – Japanese prime minister Eisaku Satō becomes the first post-World War II sitting prime minister to visit Okinawa Prefecture.
1980 – Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar burns after making an emergency landing at King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, killing 301 people.
1981 – Gulf of Sidra Incident: 2 US Navy F-14 jet fighters intercept and shoot down two Libyan Sukhoi Su-22 fighter jets over the Gulf of Sidra.
1982 Soyuz T-7 launched, Svetlana Savtiskaya 2nd woman in space
1984 Republican convention in Dallas, Texas nominates incumbent Ronald Reagan for President
1985 Following the Rubicon speech four days earlier, Archbishop Desmond Tutu snubs P. W. Botha's invitation to attend a meeting to discuss the role and actions of the police and security forces in South Africa
1987 – Hungerford massacre: In the United Kingdom, Michael Ryan kills sixteen people with a semi-automatic rifle and then commits suicide.
1989 – Polish president Wojciech Jaruzelski nominates Solidarity activist Tadeusz Mazowiecki to be the first non-communist prime minister in 42 years.
1989 – Radio Caroline, the offshore pirate station in the North Sea, is raided by British and Dutch governments.
1989 – Several hundred East Germans cross the frontier between Hungary and Austria during the Pan-European Picnic, part of the events that began the process of the Fall of the Berlin Wall.
1991 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union, August Coup: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is placed under house arrest while on holiday in the town of Foros, Ukraine.
1991 – Crown Heights riot: Black groups target Hasidic Jews on the streets of Crown Heights in New York, New York for three days, after two black children were hit by a car driven by a Hasidic man.
1999 – In Belgrade, Yugoslavia, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia President Slobodan Milošević.
2002 – Khankala Mi-26 crash: A Russian Mil Mi-26 helicopter carrying troops is hit by a Chechen missile outside Grozny, killing 118 soldiers.
2003 – A car-bomb attack on United Nations headquarters in Iraq kills the agency's top envoy Sérgio Vieira de Mello and 21 other employees.
2003 – A suicide attack on a bus in Jerusalem, Israel, planned by Hamas, kills 23 Israelis, seven of them children, in the Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing.
2004 – Google stock began selling on the Nasdaq Stock Market. The initial price was set at $84 a share.
2005 – The first-ever joint military exercise between Russia and China, called Peace Mission 2005 begins.
2005 – A series of strong storms lashes Southern Ontario spawning several tornadoes as well as creating extreme flash flooding within the city of Toronto and its surrounding communities. In Toronto, it is also dubbed the "Toronto Supercell".
2009 – A series of bombings in Baghdad, Iraq, kills 101 and injures 565 others.
2010 – Operation Iraqi Freedom ends, with the last of the United States brigade combat teams crossing the border to Kuwait.
2012 – A plane crash kills 32 people in Sudan.
2013 – A train accident in India kills at least 37 people and injures over a dozen.
2013 24 Egyptian policemen are killed in an attack in Rafah
2014 NASA satellites take photos showing that the eastern basin of the Aral Sea had for the first time completely dried up
1964 – Syncom 3, the first geostationary communication satellite, was launched.
1965 Auschwitz trials end with 6 life sentences
1965 – Japanese prime minister Eisaku Satō becomes the first post-World War II sitting prime minister to visit Okinawa Prefecture.
1966 Earthquake strikes Varto region in eastern Turkey with 6.8 magnitude killing around 2,400
1967 The Beatles' "All You Need is Love" single goes #1
1969 Film adaptation of Arlo Guthrie's song "Alice's Restaurant", directed by Arthur Penn, and starring Guthrie premieres
1970 31st Venice Film Festival opens
1970 The Chinese Community in South Africa is granted 'White' status
1973 France performs nuclear test at Mururoa atoll
1976 President Gerald Ford wins Republican presidential nomination at KC convention
1977 USSR performs nuclear test at Sary Shagan USSR
1978 422 die in an arson fire at Cinema Rex movie theater in Iran
1979 Soviet Cosmonauts Vladimir Lyakov and Valery Ryumin return to Earth aboard Soyuz 34 after a record 175 days in space
1980 – Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar burns after making an emergency landing at King Khalid International Airport in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, killing 301 people.
1981 – Gulf of Sidra Incident: 2 US Navy F-14 jet fighters intercept and shoot down two Libyan Sukhoi Su-22 fighter jets over the Gulf of Sidra.
1982 Soyuz T-7 launched, Svetlana Savtiskaya 2nd woman in space
1984 Republican convention in Dallas, Texas nominates incumbent Ronald Reagan for President
1985 Following the Rubicon speech four days earlier, Archbishop Desmond Tutu snubs P. W. Botha's invitation to attend a meeting to discuss the role and actions of the police and security forces in South Africa
1985 Japan launches its 2nd probe of Halley's Comet, Suisei
1986 Car bomb kills 20 in Tehran, Iran
1987 – Hungerford massacre: In the United Kingdom, Michael Ryan kills sixteen people with a semi-automatic rifle and then commits suicide.
1988 Iran and Iraq begin a cease-fire in their 8-year-old war (11 PM EDT)
1988 Maung Maung succeeds General Sein Lwin as the 7th President of Burma
1989 – Radio Caroline, the offshore pirate station in the North Sea, is raided by British and Dutch governments.
1989 – Several hundred East Germans cross the frontier between Hungary and Austria during the Pan-European Picnic, part of the events that began the process of the Fall of the Berlin Wall.
1991 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union, August Coup: Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev is placed under house arrest while on holiday in the town of Foros, Ukraine.
1991 – Crown Heights riot: Black groups target Hasidic Jews on the streets of Crown Heights in New York, New York for three days, after two black children were hit by a car driven by a Hasidic man.
1993 George Tiller, abortion doctor, shot in his arms by Rachelle Shannon
1993 Mattel & Fisher Price toy companies merge
1996 The major South African political parties begin their submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC)
1998 South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission chairperson, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, releases documents revealing an alleged plot by Western countries to assassinate UN Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld of Sweden
1999 – In Belgrade, Yugoslavia, tens of thousands of Serbians rally to demand the resignation of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia President Slobodan Milošević.
2002 – Khankala Mi-26 crash: A Russian Mil Mi-26 helicopter carrying troops is hit by a Chechen missile outside Grozny, killing 118 soldiers.
2003 – A car-bomb attack on United Nations headquarters in Iraq kills the agency's top envoy Sérgio Vieira de Mello and 21 other employees.
2003 – A suicide attack on a bus in Jerusalem, Israel, planned by Hamas, kills 23 Israelis, seven of them children, in the Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing.
2004 – Google stock began selling on the Nasdaq Stock Market. The initial price was set at $84 a share.
2005 – The first-ever joint military exercise between Russia and China, called Peace Mission 2005 begins.
2005 – A series of strong storms lashes Southern Ontario spawning several tornadoes as well as creating extreme flash flooding within the city of Toronto and its surrounding communities. In Toronto, it is also dubbed the "Toronto Supercell".
2009 – A series of bombings in Baghdad, Iraq, kills 101 and injures 565 others.
2010 – Operation Iraqi Freedom ends, with the last of the United States brigade combat teams crossing the border to Kuwait.
2012 – A plane crash kills 32 people in Sudan.
2013 – A train accident in India kills at least 37 people and injures over a dozen.
2013 24 Egyptian policemen are killed in an attack in Rafah
2014 NASA satellites take photos showing that the eastern basin of the Aral Sea had for the first time completely dried up
2014 The 24 hour ceasefire extension renewal between Israel and Palestine is violated as Hamas fire rockets; Israeli Air Force respond, killing 9 Gazans
2015 US Food and Drug administration approves Female Viagra libido pill Addyi
2018 Monsoon rains finally ease in Kerala State, India, with flooding taking 350 lives with 200,000 in relief camps
2018 Rudy Giuliani, US President Donald Trump's lawyer claims in interview with NBC Chuck Todd that "truth isn't truth"
2018 Two more earthquakes hit Lombok in Indonesia killing 14 two weeks after previous earthquakes
2018 Weinstein accuser Asia Argento is alleged to have sexually assaulted a 17-year old in article by "The New York Times"
2019 Evelyn Hernández cleared of killing her newborn baby in landmark case in a retrial in El Salvador
2019 Sudanese Ex-President Omar al-Bashir admits he has received $90 million from Saudi Arabian royals at the start of his corruption trial in Khartoum
2020 Apple becomes the 1st US company to be valued at $2 trillion, just 2 years after it reached $1 trillion valuation
2020 Largest floods in 70 years wet the toes of giant 71m Leshan Buddha carved by a river just outside Chengdu, China with 100,000 people evacuated
2020 US Postmaster General Louis DeJoy says he will suspend controversial plan to cut costs until after the election
2021 Iran's official COVID-19 death toll passes 100,000 amid its fifth wave of infections, according to its Health Ministry
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Within the Octave of the Assumption.
Contemporary Western
Bernardo Tolomei
Ezequiel Moreno y Díaz
Jean-Eudes de Mézeray
Louis of Toulouse
Magnus of Anagni
Magnus of Avignon
Sebaldus
Ezequiel Moreno y Díaz
Jean-Eudes de Mézeray
Louis of Toulouse
Magnus of Anagni
Magnus of Avignon
Sebaldus
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
August 19 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Afterfeast of the Dormition
Savior of the Apple Feast Day
Saint Julius, an early martyr in Rome (c. 190)
Saint Rufinus, a saint venerated in Mantua in Italy from early times, confessor
Saint Marianus, a hermit in the forest of Entreaigues in Berry in France, confessor (c. 515)
Saint Donatus, born in Orleans in France, he lived as a hermit
on Mt Jura near Sisteron in Provence (c. 535)
Saint Elaphius, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne in France (580)
Saint Mochta (Mochteus), possibly born in Wales, he founded
the monastery of Louth in Ireland (6th century)
Saint Bertulf of Bobbio, a monk at Luxeuil in France, then went to Bobbio
in Italy where he became abbot on the repose of St Attalas (640)
Saint Magnus of Avignon (660)
Saint Calminius (Calmilius), a hermit who founded the monasteries
of Villars and Mauzac near Riom in France (c. 690)
Saint Guenninus, Bishop of Vannes in Brittany (7th century)
Saint Namadie (Namadia), wife of St Calminius, as a widow
she became a nun at Marsat in France (c. 700)
Saint Sebaldus, probably born in England, he lived as a hermit near Vicenza
in Italy, then preached with St Willibald in the Reichswald in Germany (c. 770)
Saint Credan, eighth Abbot of Evesham Abbey (780)
Saint Marinus, Bishop at the monastery of St Peter in Besalú in Catalonia in Spain (c. 800)
Saint Badulf (Badour, Badolf), a monk and Abbot of Ainay, near Lyons in France (850)
Saint Leovigild and Christopher, monks, martyred in Cordoba under Abderrahman II (852)
Saint Pitirim, Bishop of Perm (1455)
Venerable Theophanes of Docheiariou monastery, the New Wonderworker (16th century)
Saint Nicholas Lebedev, Priest of Tver, New-Martyr (1933)
"Donskoy" Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos (Theotokos "Of the Don") (1591)
Uncovering of the relics (1646) of St. Gennadius, Abbot of Kostroma (1565)
Repose of Abbess Maria (Ushakova) of Diveyevo (1904)
Repose of Archimandrite Spyridon (Efimov) (1984),
disciple of St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco
Afterfeast of the Dormition
Savior of the Apple Feast Day
Saint Julius, an early martyr in Rome (c. 190)
Saint Rufinus, a saint venerated in Mantua in Italy from early times, confessor
Saint Marianus, a hermit in the forest of Entreaigues in Berry in France, confessor (c. 515)
Saint Donatus, born in Orleans in France, he lived as a hermit
on Mt Jura near Sisteron in Provence (c. 535)
Saint Elaphius, Bishop of Châlons-sur-Marne in France (580)
Saint Mochta (Mochteus), possibly born in Wales, he founded
the monastery of Louth in Ireland (6th century)
Saint Bertulf of Bobbio, a monk at Luxeuil in France, then went to Bobbio
in Italy where he became abbot on the repose of St Attalas (640)
Saint Magnus of Avignon (660)
Saint Calminius (Calmilius), a hermit who founded the monasteries
of Villars and Mauzac near Riom in France (c. 690)
Saint Guenninus, Bishop of Vannes in Brittany (7th century)
Saint Namadie (Namadia), wife of St Calminius, as a widow
she became a nun at Marsat in France (c. 700)
Saint Sebaldus, probably born in England, he lived as a hermit near Vicenza
in Italy, then preached with St Willibald in the Reichswald in Germany (c. 770)
Saint Credan, eighth Abbot of Evesham Abbey (780)
Saint Marinus, Bishop at the monastery of St Peter in Besalú in Catalonia in Spain (c. 800)
Saint Badulf (Badour, Badolf), a monk and Abbot of Ainay, near Lyons in France (850)
Saint Leovigild and Christopher, monks, martyred in Cordoba under Abderrahman II (852)
Saint Pitirim, Bishop of Perm (1455)
Venerable Theophanes of Docheiariou monastery, the New Wonderworker (16th century)
Saint Nicholas Lebedev, Priest of Tver, New-Martyr (1933)
"Donskoy" Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos (Theotokos "Of the Don") (1591)
Uncovering of the relics (1646) of St. Gennadius, Abbot of Kostroma (1565)
Repose of Abbess Maria (Ushakova) of Diveyevo (1904)
Repose of Archimandrite Spyridon (Efimov) (1984),
disciple of St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco
Coptic Orthodox
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