1272 – While travelling during the Ninth Crusade, Prince Edward becomes King of England upon Henry III of England's death, but he will not return to England for nearly two years to assume the throne.
1491 – An auto-da-fé, held in the Brasero de la Dehesa outside of Ávila, concludes the case of the Holy Child of La Guardia with the public execution of several Jewish and converso suspects.
1532 – Battle of Cajamarca: Francisco Pizarro, the Spanish explorer and conquistador, springs a trap on the Inca emperor, Atahualpa. With fewer than 200 men against several thousand, Pizarro lures Atahualpa to a feast in the emperor's honor and then openes fire on the unarmed Incas. Pizarro's men massacre the Incas and capture Atahualpa, forcing him to convert to Christianity before eventually killing him.
1632 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Lützen is fought, the Swedes are victorious but King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden dies in the battle.
1776 – American Revolutionary War: Hessian Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen and a force of 3,000 Hessian mercenaries and 5,000 British Redcoats capture Fort Washington at the northern end and highest point of Manhattan Island.
1776 – American Revolution: The United Provinces (Low Countries) recognize the independence of the United States.
1793 – French Revolution: Ninety anti-republican Catholic priests are executed by drowning at Nantes.
1797 – The Prussian heir apparent, Frederick William, becomes King of Prussia as Frederick William III.
1805 – Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Schöngrabern – Russian forces under Pyotr Bagration delay the pursuit by French troops under Joachim Murat.
1822 – American Old West: Missouri Indian trader William Becknell arrives in Santa Fe, New Mexico, sells his goods at an enormous profit, and makes plans to return the next year over the route that would become known as the Santa Fe Trail.
1822 – American Old West: Missouri trader William Becknell arrives in Santa Fe, New Mexico, over a route that became known as the Santa Fe Trail.
1824 – Fifth Avenue opens for business in New York City.
1828 – Greek War of Independence: The London Protocol entails the creation of an autonomous Greek state under Ottoman suzerainty, encompassing the Morea and the Cyclades.
1849 – A Russian court sentences writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky to death for anti-government activities linked to a radical intellectual group. His execution was stayed at the last minute and commuted to hard labor.
1852 – The English astronomer John Russell Hind discovers the asteroid 22 Kalliope.
1855 – David Livingstone becomes the first European to see the Victoria Falls in what is now present-day Zambia-Zimbabwe.
1857 – Second relief of Lucknow – twenty-four Victoria Crosses are awarded, the most in a single day.
1863 – American Civil War: Confederate troups under General James Longstreet unsuccessfully attack a Union force under General Ambrose Burnside at the Battle of Campbell Station near Knoxville, Tennessee.
1885 – Canadian rebel leader of the Métis and "Father of Manitoba" Louis Riel is executed for treason.
1904 – English engineer John Ambrose Fleming receives a patent for the thermionic valve (vacuum tube).
1907 – Indian Territory and Oklahoma Territory join to form Oklahoma, which is admitted as the 46th U.S. state.
1907 – Cunard Line's RMS Mauretania, sister ship of RMS Lusitania, sets sail on her maiden voyage from Liverpool, England, to New York City.
1914: A small group of intellectuals led by the physician Georg Nicolai launched Bund Neues Vaterland, the New Fatherland League. One of the league's most active supporters was Nicolai's friend, the great physicist Albert Einstein. Together, Einstein and Nicolai had written a pacifist answer to the famous pro-war manifesto of October 1914, which had been signed by 93 leading German intellectuals from various fields, including the physicist Max Planck, the painter Max Lieberman and the poet Gerhart Hauptmann. When their counter-manifesto failed to attract much support, Nicolai and Einstein concentrated their efforts into the New Fatherland League.
1914 – The Federal Reserve Bank of the United States officially opens.
1920 – Qantas, Australia's national airline, is founded as Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited.
1940 – World War II: In response to the leveling of Coventry by the German Luftwaffe two days before, the Royal Air Force bombs Hamburg.
1940 – Holocaust: In occupied Poland, the Nazis close off the Warsaw Ghetto from the outside world.
1940 – New York City's "Mad Bomber" George Metesky places his first bomb at a Manhattan office building used by Consolidated Edison.
1941: Joseph Goebbels published in the German magazine Das Reichthat "The Jews wanted the war, and now they have it"—referring to the Nazi propaganda scheme to shift the blame for the world war onto European Jewry, thereby giving the Nazis a rationalization for the so-called Final Solution.
1943 – World War II: American bombers strike a hydro-electric power facility and heavy water factory in German-controlled Vemork, Norway.
1944 – World War II: Operation Queen, the costly Allied thrust to the Rur, is launched.
1944 – World War II: Dueren, Germany, is destroyed by Allied bombers.
1945 – UNESCO is founded.
1945: In a move that stirred up some controversy, the United States shipped 88 German scientists to America to assist the nation in its production of rocket technology.
1961: President John F. Kennedy decided to increase military aid to South Vietnam without committing U.S. combat troops.
1965 – Venera program: The Soviet Union launches the Venera 3 space probe toward Venus, which will be the first spacecraft to reach the surface of another planet.
1970: South Vietnamese Vice President Nguyen Cao Ky, speaking at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, said Cambodia would be overrun by communist forces "within 24 hours" if South Vietnamese troops currently operating there were withdrawn.
1971: As the fighting got closer to Phnom Penh, the United States stepped up its air activities in support of the Cambodian government. U.S. helicopter gunships struck at North Vietnamese emplacements at Tuol Leap, 10 miles north of Phnom Penh.
1973 – Skylab program: NASA launches Skylab 4 with a crew of three astronauts from Cape Canaveral, Florida for an 84-day mission.
1973 – U.S. President Richard Nixon, declaring that America's energy requirements had outpaced its production capacity, signs into law Senate Bill 1081, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act, authorizing the construction of the Alaska Pipeline to access oil from the North Slope of Alaska.
1974 – The Arecibo Message is broadcast from the Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico. It was aimed at the current location of the globular star cluster Messier 13 some 25,000 light years away. The message will reach empty space by the time it finally arrives since the cluster will have changed position.
1979 – The first line of Bucharest Metro (Line M1) is opened from Timpuri Noi to Semănătoarea in Bucharest, Romania.
1988 – The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic declares that Estonia is "sovereign" but stops short of declaring independence.
1988 – In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan elect populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister of Pakistan.
1989 – A death squad composed of El Salvadoran army troops kills six Jesuit priests and two others at Jose Simeon Canas University.
1992 – The Hoxne Hoard is discovered by metal detectorist Eric Lawes in Hoxne, Suffolk.
1997 – After nearly 18 years of incarceration, the People's Republic of China releases Wei Jingsheng, a pro-democracy dissident, from jail for medical reasons.
1974 – The Arecibo Message is broadcast from the Arecibo Radio Telescope in Puerto Rico. It was aimed at the current location of the globular star cluster Messier 13 some 25,000 light years away. The message will reach empty space by the time it finally arrives since the cluster will have changed position.
1979 – The first line of Bucharest Metro (Line M1) is opened from Timpuri Noi to Semănătoarea in Bucharest, Romania.
1988 – The Supreme Soviet of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic declares that Estonia is "sovereign" but stops short of declaring independence.
1988 – In the first open election in more than a decade, voters in Pakistan elect populist candidate Benazir Bhutto to be Prime Minister of Pakistan.
1989 – A death squad composed of El Salvadoran army troops kills six Jesuit priests and two others at Jose Simeon Canas University.
1992 – The Hoxne Hoard is discovered by metal detectorist Eric Lawes in Hoxne, Suffolk.
1997 – After nearly 18 years of incarceration, the People's Republic of China releases Wei Jingsheng, a pro-democracy dissident, from jail for medical reasons.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Edmund Rich, Archbishop of Canterbury, Confessor. Double.
Contemporary Western
Edmund of Abingdon
Eucherius of Lyon
Gertrude the Great
Giuseppe Moscati
Hugh of Lincoln
Margaret of Scotland
Othmar
Eucherius of Lyon
Gertrude the Great
Giuseppe Moscati
Hugh of Lincoln
Margaret of Scotland
Othmar
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
Holy Apostle and Evangelist Matthew (60)
Saint Fulvianus, prince of Ethiopia, in holy baptism Matthew (1st century)
Hieromartyr Hypatius of Gangra, Bishop of Gangra, Wonderworker (326)
Virgin-martyr Iphigenia (Ephygenia)
Saint Fidentius, an early saint in Padua in Italy (2nd century)
Martyrs Elpidius, Marcellus, Eustochius and Companions (362)
Saint Eucherius of Lyons (449)
Saints Rufinus, Mark, Valerius and Companions, martyrs in North Africa
Saint Afan, a bishop who gave his name to the church of Llanafan
in Powys in Wales (6th century)
Saint Africus, Bishop of Comminges in France,
celebrated for his zeal for Orthodoxy (7th century)
Saint Gobrain, a monk who became Bishop of Vannes in Brittany
and at the age of eighty-seven went to live as a hermit (725)
Saint Otmar, abbot and monastic founder in Switzerland (759)
Saint Lubuinus, missionary to Friesland (773)
Saint Ælfric of Abingdon (Aelfric), monk and Abbot of Abingdon,
later Bishop of Wilton and twenty-ninth Archbishop of Canterbury in 995 (1005)
Venerable Sergius, abbot of Malopinega, Vologda (1585)
New Hieromartyrs Theodore Kolierov, Priest, and with him
Martyrs Ananius Boikov and Michael Boldakov (1929)
New Hieromartyrs Michael Abramov, Protopresbyter,
and priests Basil Sokolov, Victor Voronov, John Tsvetkov,
Makarius Soloviev and Nicholas Troitsky (1937)
Hieromartyr Panteleimon (1937)
Martyr Demetrius Spiridonov (1938)
New Hieromartyr Philoumenos (Hasapis) of Jacob's Well (1979)
Repose of Schemamonk John the Fingerless (1843),
disciple of St. Paisius Velichkovsky
Saint Fulvianus, prince of Ethiopia, in holy baptism Matthew (1st century)
Hieromartyr Hypatius of Gangra, Bishop of Gangra, Wonderworker (326)
Virgin-martyr Iphigenia (Ephygenia)
Saint Fidentius, an early saint in Padua in Italy (2nd century)
Martyrs Elpidius, Marcellus, Eustochius and Companions (362)
Saint Eucherius of Lyons (449)
Saints Rufinus, Mark, Valerius and Companions, martyrs in North Africa
Saint Afan, a bishop who gave his name to the church of Llanafan
in Powys in Wales (6th century)
Saint Africus, Bishop of Comminges in France,
celebrated for his zeal for Orthodoxy (7th century)
Saint Gobrain, a monk who became Bishop of Vannes in Brittany
and at the age of eighty-seven went to live as a hermit (725)
Saint Otmar, abbot and monastic founder in Switzerland (759)
Saint Lubuinus, missionary to Friesland (773)
Saint Ælfric of Abingdon (Aelfric), monk and Abbot of Abingdon,
later Bishop of Wilton and twenty-ninth Archbishop of Canterbury in 995 (1005)
Venerable Sergius, abbot of Malopinega, Vologda (1585)
New Hieromartyrs Theodore Kolierov, Priest, and with him
Martyrs Ananius Boikov and Michael Boldakov (1929)
New Hieromartyrs Michael Abramov, Protopresbyter,
and priests Basil Sokolov, Victor Voronov, John Tsvetkov,
Makarius Soloviev and Nicholas Troitsky (1937)
Hieromartyr Panteleimon (1937)
Martyr Demetrius Spiridonov (1938)
New Hieromartyr Philoumenos (Hasapis) of Jacob's Well (1979)
Repose of Schemamonk John the Fingerless (1843),
disciple of St. Paisius Velichkovsky
Coptic Orthodox
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