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Events
303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I orders the building of a new Orthodox Christian basilica in Constantinople – the Hagia Sophia.
1455 – Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western book printed with movable type.
1554 – Mapuche forces, under the leadership of Lautaro, score a victory over the Spanish at the Battle of Marihueñu in Chile.
1739 – Richard Palmer is identified at York Castle, by his former schoolteacher, as the outlaw Dick Turpin.
1778 – American Revolutionary War: Baron von Steuben arrives at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania to help to train the Continental Army.
1820 – Cato Street Conspiracy: A plot to murder all the British cabinet ministers is exposed.
1822 – Boston, Massachusetts is incorporated as a city.
1836 – Texas Revolution: The Battle of the Alamo begins in San Antonio, Texas.
1847 – During the Mexican–American War, the Battle of Buena Vista fought in Coahuila, Mexico. American troops under future president General Zachary Taylor defeat Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna.
1854 – The official independence of the Orange Free State is declared.
1861 – President-elect Abraham Lincoln arrives secretly in Washington, D.C., after the thwarting of an alleged assassination plot in Baltimore, Maryland.
1863: British explorers John H. Speke and James A. Grant announced they had found the source of the Nile River to be Lake Victoria. This finding was disputed at first, but the lake is now considered the Nile’s source.
1870 – Reconstruction Era: Post-U.S. Civil War military control of Mississippi ends and it is readmitted to the Union.
1883 – Alabama becomes the first U.S. state to enact an anti-trust law.
1885 – Sino-French War: French Army gains an important victory in the Battle of Đồng Đăng in the Tonkin region of Vietnam.
1886 – Charles Martin Hall produced the first samples of man-made aluminum, after several years of intensive work. He was assisted in this project by his older sister Julia Brainerd Hall.
1887 – The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, killing around 2,000.
1896 – The Tootsie Roll candy is introduced by Leo Hirshfield.
1898 – Émile Zola is imprisoned in France after writing "J'accuse", a letter accusing the [French government of antisemitism and wrongfully imprisoning Captain Alfred Dreyfus.
1900 – Second Boer War: Boers and British troops fight in the Battle of Hart's Hill.
1903 – Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the United States "in perpetuity".
1904 – The United States acquires control of the Panama Canal Zone for $10 million.
1905 – Chicago attorney Paul Harris and three other businessmen meet for lunch to form the Rotary Club, the world's first service club.
1909 – The AEA Silver Dart makes the first powered flight in Canada and the British Empire.
1917 – First demonstrations in Saint Petersburg, Russia. The beginning of the February Revolution.
1927 – U.S. President Calvin Coolidge signs a bill by Congress establishing the Federal Radio Commission (later replaced by the Federal Communications Commission) which was to regulate the use of radio frequencies in the United States.
1927 – German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg writes a letter to fellow physicist Wolfgang Pauli, in which he describes his uncertainty principle for the first time.
1934 – Leopold III becomes King of Belgium.
1941 – Plutonium is first produced and isolated by Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg.
1942 – World War II: Japanese submarines fire artillery shells at the California coastline near Santa Barbara.
1943 – A fire breaks out at St. Joseph's Orphanage, County Cavan, Ireland, killing 36 people (35 of whom are children).
1943 – Greek Resistance: The United Panhellenic Organization of Youth is founded is Greece.
1944 – The Soviet Union begins the forced deportation of the Chechen and Ingush people from the North Caucasus to Central Asia.
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| “Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima” |
1945 – World War II: The 11th Airborne Division, with Filipino guerrillas, free the captives of the Los Baños internment camp.
1945 – World War II: The capital of the Philippines, Manila, is liberated by combined Filipino and American forces.
1945 – World War II: Capitulation of German garrison in Poznań. The city is liberated by Soviet and Polish forces.
1945 – World War II: The German town of Pforzheim is annihilated in a raid by 379 British bombers.
1947 – The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is founded.
1954 – The first mass inoculation of children against polio with the Salk vaccine begins in Pittsburgh.
1955 – First meeting of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO).
1958 – Cuban rebels kidnap 5-time world F1 champion Juan Manuel Fangio.
1966 – In Syria, Ba'ath Party member Salah Jadid leads an intra-party military coup that replaces the previous government of General Amin al-Hafiz, also a Baathist.
1974 – The Symbionese Liberation Army demands $4 million more to release kidnap victim Patty Hearst.
1980 – Iran hostage crisis: Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini states that Iran's parliament will decide the fate of the American embassy hostages.
1981 – In Spain, Antonio Tejero attempts a coup d'état by capturing the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
1983 – The United States Environmental Protection Agency announces its intent to buy out and evacuate the dioxin-contaminated community of Times Beach, Missouri.
1987 – Supernova 1987a is seen in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
1991 – Gulf War: Ground troops cross the Saudi Arabian border and enter Iraq, thus beginning the ground phase of the war.
1991 – In Thailand, General Sunthorn Kongsompong leads a bloodless coup d'état, deposing Prime Minister Chatichai Choonhavan.
1998 – Tornadoes in central Florida destroy or damage 2,600 structures and kill 42.
1999 – Kurdish rebel leader Abdullah Öcalan is charged with treason in Ankara, Turkey.
1999 – An avalanche destroys the Austrian village of Galtür, killing 31.
2005 – The controversial French law on colonialism is passed, requiring teachers to teach the "positive values of colonialism". After public outcry, it is repealed at the beginning of 2006.
2007 – A train derails on an evening express service near Grayrigg, Cumbria, England, killing one person and injuring 22. This results in hundreds of points being checked over the UK after a few similar accidents.
2008 – A U.S. Air Force B-2 Spirit bomber crashes on Guam. It is the first operational loss of a B-2.
2010 – Unknown criminals pour more than 2.5 million liters of diesel oil and other hydrocarbons into the river Lambro, in northern Italy, sparking an environmental disaster.
2012 – A series of attacks across Iraq leave at least 83 killed and more than 250 injured.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Peter Damian, Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, Confessor, Doctor of the Church. Double.
Commemoration of the Eve of St. Matthias. (February 24 in Leap-Year.)
In Leap-Year February has 29 days, the additional day being inserted after the 23rd.
Contemporary Western
Polycarp of Smyrna
Serenus the Gardener
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
February 23 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Saints
Hieromartyr Polycarp of Smyrna, Bishop of Smyrna (167)
Holy 73 Martyrs of Sirmium, under Diocletian (303)
Martyr Clement, by the sword.
Martyr Thea, by the sword
Venerable Gorgonia the Righteous (370), sister of St. Gregory the Theologian
Saint Alexander, founder of the Monastery of the Unsleeping Ones, Constantinople (430)
Saints John, Antioch, Antoninus, Moses, Zebinas, Polychronius, Moses (another),
and Damian, ascetics near Cyrrhus in the Syrian desert (5th c.)
Saint John Theristes ("the Harvester") of Stylos in Calabria (9th or 11th c.)
Pre-Schism Western Saints
Saint Martha, a virgin-martyr beheaded in Astorga in Spain under Decius (251)
Saint Polycarp, a priest in Rome noted for ministering to those in prison
for their faith (c. 300)
Saint Romana, a virgin born in Rome who reposed at the age of eighteen while
living as an anchoress in a cave on the banks of the Tiber in Italy (324)
Saints Syncrotas, Antigonus, Rutilus, Libius, Senerotas and Rogatianus, martyrs
at Sirmium in Pannonia (4th c.)
Saint Florentius of Seville, Confessor, a saint much venerated in Seville in Spain (c. 485)
Saint Felix of Brescia, twentieth Bishop of Brescia (c. 650)
Saint Jurmin, an East Anglian prince, son or nephew of King Anna of East Anglia (653)
Saint Boswell (Boisil), Abbot of Melrose Abbey in Scotland (c. 661)
Saint Mildburga (Milburgh), Abbess of Wenlock Priory (715)
Saint Medrald (Mérald, Méraut), a monk at Saint-Evroult (Ebrulfus) of Ouche
in France, who later became Abbot of Vendôme (c. 850)
Saint Willigis, Archbishop of Mainz (1011)
Post-Schism Orthodox Saints
Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou Monastery, on Mount Athos (1280)
Saint Cosmas of Zograf Monastery, Mount Athos (1281)
Saint Moses of White Lake Monastery, monk (1480)
New Monk-martyr Damian of Philotheou and Kissavos, at Larissa (1586)
New Hieromartyr Lazarus of the Peloponnese (c. 1618)
Venerable Polycarp of Bryansk, monk of Bryansk (1620-1621)
Saint Nazarius, Abbot of Valaam Monastery (1809)
Saint Seraphim (Zenobius), Schema-Metropolitan of Tetritskaro, Georgia, monk
of Glinsk Monastery (1985)
New Martyrs and Confessors
New Hieromartyr Michael Edlinsky, Archpriest, of Kiev (1937)
New Hieromartyr Alexis Nikolsky, Priest (1938)
New Hieromartyr Nicholas Dimitrov, Priest (1938)
New Hieromartyr Michael Razhkin, Priest (1938)
Martyr Sergius Borodavkin (1938)
New Hieromartyr Sergius (Bukashkin), Hieromonk, of Novo-Alexandrovka,
Moscow (1938)
New Hieromartyr Antipas (Kyrillov), hieromonk, of Tatarintsevo, Moscow (1938)
New Hieromartyr Philaret (Pryakhin), Abbot, of Trubino, Tver (1942)
Other commemorations
Repose of Archimandrite Agapit (Belovidov) of Optina Monastery (1922)
Uncovering of the relics of Blessed Matrona of Moscow (1998)
Traditional Western
Peter Damian, Cardinal Bishop of Ostia, Confessor, Doctor of the Church. Double.
Commemoration of the Eve of St. Matthias. (February 24 in Leap-Year.)
In Leap-Year February has 29 days, the additional day being inserted after the 23rd.
Contemporary Western
Polycarp of Smyrna
Serenus the Gardener
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Eastern Orthodox
February 23 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Saints
Hieromartyr Polycarp of Smyrna, Bishop of Smyrna (167)
Holy 73 Martyrs of Sirmium, under Diocletian (303)
Martyr Clement, by the sword.
Martyr Thea, by the sword
Venerable Gorgonia the Righteous (370), sister of St. Gregory the Theologian
Saint Alexander, founder of the Monastery of the Unsleeping Ones, Constantinople (430)
Saints John, Antioch, Antoninus, Moses, Zebinas, Polychronius, Moses (another),
and Damian, ascetics near Cyrrhus in the Syrian desert (5th c.)
Saint John Theristes ("the Harvester") of Stylos in Calabria (9th or 11th c.)
Pre-Schism Western Saints
Saint Martha, a virgin-martyr beheaded in Astorga in Spain under Decius (251)
Saint Polycarp, a priest in Rome noted for ministering to those in prison
for their faith (c. 300)
Saint Romana, a virgin born in Rome who reposed at the age of eighteen while
living as an anchoress in a cave on the banks of the Tiber in Italy (324)
Saints Syncrotas, Antigonus, Rutilus, Libius, Senerotas and Rogatianus, martyrs
at Sirmium in Pannonia (4th c.)
Saint Florentius of Seville, Confessor, a saint much venerated in Seville in Spain (c. 485)
Saint Felix of Brescia, twentieth Bishop of Brescia (c. 650)
Saint Jurmin, an East Anglian prince, son or nephew of King Anna of East Anglia (653)
Saint Boswell (Boisil), Abbot of Melrose Abbey in Scotland (c. 661)
Saint Mildburga (Milburgh), Abbess of Wenlock Priory (715)
Saint Medrald (Mérald, Méraut), a monk at Saint-Evroult (Ebrulfus) of Ouche
in France, who later became Abbot of Vendôme (c. 850)
Saint Willigis, Archbishop of Mainz (1011)
Post-Schism Orthodox Saints
Venerable Damian of Esphigmenou Monastery, on Mount Athos (1280)
Saint Cosmas of Zograf Monastery, Mount Athos (1281)
Saint Moses of White Lake Monastery, monk (1480)
New Monk-martyr Damian of Philotheou and Kissavos, at Larissa (1586)
New Hieromartyr Lazarus of the Peloponnese (c. 1618)
Venerable Polycarp of Bryansk, monk of Bryansk (1620-1621)
Saint Nazarius, Abbot of Valaam Monastery (1809)
Saint Seraphim (Zenobius), Schema-Metropolitan of Tetritskaro, Georgia, monk
of Glinsk Monastery (1985)
New Martyrs and Confessors
New Hieromartyr Michael Edlinsky, Archpriest, of Kiev (1937)
New Hieromartyr Alexis Nikolsky, Priest (1938)
New Hieromartyr Nicholas Dimitrov, Priest (1938)
New Hieromartyr Michael Razhkin, Priest (1938)
Martyr Sergius Borodavkin (1938)
New Hieromartyr Sergius (Bukashkin), Hieromonk, of Novo-Alexandrovka,
Moscow (1938)
New Hieromartyr Antipas (Kyrillov), hieromonk, of Tatarintsevo, Moscow (1938)
New Hieromartyr Philaret (Pryakhin), Abbot, of Trubino, Tver (1942)
Other commemorations
Repose of Archimandrite Agapit (Belovidov) of Optina Monastery (1922)
Uncovering of the relics of Blessed Matrona of Moscow (1998)
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