4 – Augustus adopts Tiberius.
221 – Roman Emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar.
363 – Roman Emperor Julian is killed during the retreat from the Sassanid Empire. General Jovian is proclaimed Emperor by the troops on the battlefield.
687 – Pope Benedict II chosen.
699 – En no Ozuno, a Japanese mystic and apothecary who will later be regarded as the founder of a folk religion Shugendō, is banished to Izu Ōshima.
1243 – Mongols defeat the Seljuk Turks at the Battle of Köse Dağ.
1295 – Przemysł II crowned as King of Poland king of Poland, following Ducal period. The white eagle is added to the Polish coat of arms.
1407 – Ulrich von Jungingen becomes Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights.
1409 – Western Schism: The Roman Catholic church is led into a double schism as Petros Philargos is crowned Pope Alexander V after the Council of Pisa, joining Pope Gregory XII in Rome and Pope Benedict XII in Avignon.
1460 – Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, and Edward, Earl of March, land in England with a rebel army and march on London.
1483 – Richard III becomes King of England.
1522 – Ottomans begin the second Siege of Rhodes.
1541 – Francisco Pizarro is assassinated in Lima by the son of his former companion and later antagonist, Diego Almagro the younger. Almagro is later caught and executed.
1579 – Livonian campaign of Stephen Báthory begins.
1718 – Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, Peter the Great's son, mysteriously dies after being sentenced to death by his father for plotting against him.
1723 – After a siege and bombardment by cannon, Baku surrenders to the Russians.
1740 – A combined force Spanish, free blacks and allied Indians defeat a British garrison at the Siege of Fort Mose near St. Augustine, Florida, during the War of Jenkins' Ear.
1794 – French Revolutionary Wars: Battle of Fleurus: The army of the First French Republic, under General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, defeats the army of the First Coalition (Britain, Hanover, Dutch Republic, and Habsburg Monarchy), commanded by Prince Josias of Coburg. The French use of the reconnaissance balloon l'Entreprenant was the first military use of an aircraft that influenced the result of a battle.
1830 – William IV becomes king of Britain and Hanover.
1843 – Treaty of Nanking comes into effect, Hong Kong Island is ceded to the British "in perpetuity".
1848 – End of the June Days Uprising in Paris.
1857 – The first investiture of the Victoria Cross in Hyde Park, London.
1870 – The Christian holiday of Christmas is declared a federal holiday in the United States.
1870 – The first section of the Atlantic City Boardwalk in Atlantic City, NJ, was opened to the public as the first boardwalk in the United States.
1886 – Henri Moissan isolated elemental Fluorine for the first time.
1889 – Bangui is founded by Albert Dolisie and Alfred Uzac in what was then the upper reaches of the French Congo.
1900 – Dr. Walter Reed and his medical team began a successful campaign to eradicate yellow fever in the Panama Canal Zone.
1906 – The first Grand Prix motor racing event held.
1907 – The 1907 Tiflis bank robbery took place in Yerevan Square, now Freedom Square, Tbilisi.
1909 – The Science Museum in London comes into existence as an independent entity.
1917 – World War I: The first U.S. troops of the American Expeditionary Forces begin to arrive in France to fight alongside Britain and France against Germany. They will first enter combat four months later.
1918 – World War I: Battle of Belleau Wood: Allied Forces under John J. Pershing and James Harbord defeat Imperial German Forces under Wilhelm, German Crown Prince.
1924 – American forces leave the Dominican Republic, ending eight years of occupation.
1927 – The Cyclone roller coaster opens on Coney Island.
1934 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Federal Credit Union Act, which establishes credit unions.
1936 – Initial flight of the Focke-Wulf Fw 61, the first practical helicopter.
1939 – Film censors approved Gone With The Wind but fined Producer David O. Selznick $5,000 for objectionable language in Rhett Butler's famous closing line to Scarlett O'Hara: "Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn."
1940 – World War II: Under the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union presents an ultimatum to Romania requiring it to cede Bessarabia and the northern part of Bukovina.
1941 – World War II: Soviet planes bomb Kassa, Hungary (now Košice, Slovakia), giving Hungary the impetus to declare war the next day.
1942 – The first flight of the Grumman F6F Hellcat.
1944 – World War II: San Marino, a neutral state, is mistakenly bombed by the RAF based on faulty information, leading to 35 civilian deaths.
1944 – World War II: The Battle of Osuchy in Osuchy, Poland, one of the largest battles between Nazi Germany and Polish resistance forces, ends with the defeat of the latter.
1945 – The United Nations Charter drawn up at a conference in San Francisco, was signed by representatives of 50 nations -- the original U.N. members. The organization officially began operations Oct. 24, 1945. U.N. Day is Oct. 24 each year.
1948 – Berlin Blockade: The Western allies begin the Berlin airlift to carry supplies to the people of West Berlin after the Soviet Union blockades railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control.
1948 – William Shockley files the original patent for the grown junction transistor, the first bipolar junction transistor.
1948 – Shirley Jackson's short story The Lottery is published in The New Yorker magazine.
1952 – The Pan-Malayan Labour Party is founded in Malaya, as a union of statewide labour parties.
1953 – Lavrentiy Beria, head of MVD, is arrested by Nikita Khrushchev and other members of the Politburo.
1955 – The South African Congress Alliance adopts the Freedom Charter at the Congress of the People in Kliptown.
1956 – Congress approved the Federal Highway Act with a vote of 89 to 1, setting aside thirty billion dollars for the construction of 41,000 miles of interstate highway, the largest construction project in the history of the United States.
1959 – Swedish boxer Ingemar Johansson becomes world champion of heavy weight boxing, by defeating american Floyd Patterson on technical knockout after 2 minutes and three seconds in the third round at Yankee Stadium.
1959 – U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower and Britain's Queen Elizabeth II formally opened the St. Lawrence Seaway in Canada.
1960 – The former British Protectorate of British Somaliland gains its independence as Somaliland.
1960 – Madagascar gains its independence from France.
1963 – U.S. President John F. Kennedy gave his "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech, underlining the support of the United States for democratic West Germany shortly after Soviet-supported East Germany erected the Berlin Wall.
1963 – Levi Eshkol becomes the Israeli Prime Minister.
1967 – Karol Wojtyła (later John Paul II) made a cardinal by Pope Paul VI.
1973 – At Plesetsk Cosmodrome nine people are killed in an explosion of a Cosmos 3-M rocket.
1974 – The Universal Product Code is scanned for the first time to sell a package of Wrigley's chewing gum at the Marsh Supermarket in Troy, Ohio
1975 – Two FBI agents and a member of the American Indian Movement are killed in a shootout on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota; Leonard Peltier is later convicted of the murders in a controversial trial.
1976 – The CN Tower, then the world's tallest free-standing structure (1,815 feet, 5 inches), opened in Toronto.
1977 – The Yorkshire Ripper kills 16-year-old shop assistant Jayne MacDonald in Leeds, changing public perception of the killer as she is the first victim who is not a prostitute.
1977 – Elvis Presley performs the final concert of his life in Indianapolis, Indiana.
1978 – Air Canada Flight 189 to Toronto overruns the runway and crashes into the Etobicoke Creek ravine. Two of 107 passengers on board perish.
1990 – U.S. President George H.W. Bush discarded his "no new taxes" campaign pledge, saying "it is clear to me" taxes are needed as part of a deficit-reduction package.
1991 – The Yugoslav people's army begins the Ten-Day War in Slovenia.
1992 – U.S. Navy Secretary H. Lawrence Garrett resigned, accepting responsibility for the "Tailhook" incident involving the harassment of Navy women by naval aviators.
1995 – Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani deposes his father Khalifa bin Hamad al-Thani, the Emir of Qatar, in a bloodless coup.
1995 – Attempted assassination of Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa.
1997 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules that the Communications Decency Act violates the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.
2000 – Human Genome Project: Completion of a 'rough draft' of the human genome is announced jointly by U.S. President Bill Clinton and the British Prime Minister Tony Blair.
2000 – John Paul II reveals the third secret of Fátima.
2003 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules in Lawrence v. Texas that gender-based sodomy laws are unconstitutional.
2004 – Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson is re-elected as President of Iceland.
2006 – Mari Alkatiri, the first Prime Minister of East Timor, resigns after weeks of political unrest.
2007 – Benedict XVI reinstates the traditional laws of papal election in which a successful candidate must receive 2/3 of the votes.
2008 – A suicide bomber dressed as an Iraqi policeman detonates an explosive vest, killing 25 people.
2008 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 to 4 that the Constitution protects an individual's right to carry a gun for private use but said the ruling did nothing to alter the ban on gun ownership by felons or the mentally ill, or carrying a gun into such "sensitive" areas as schools or government buildings.
2012 – The Waldo Canyon Fire descends into the Mountain Shadows neighborhood in Colorado Springs burning 347 homes in a matter of hours and killing two people. More than 6,000 people are forced from their homes. Thousands more would be evacuated in the days ahead.
in Colorado's Pikes Peak region had forced more than 6,000 people from their homes. Thousands more would be evacuated in the days ahead.
2013 – Riots in China's Xinjiang region kill at least 36 people and injure 21 others.
2013 – The U.S. Supreme Court rules that Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act is unconstitutional and in violation of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
2013 – Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Al Thani became Prime Minister of Qatar.
2015 – The U.S. Supreme Court ruled, 5–4, that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marriage under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Contemporary Western
Anthelm of Belley
David the Dendrite
Hermogius
John and Paul
José María Robles Hurtado (one of Saints of the Cristero War)
Josemaría Escrivá
Vigilius of Trent
David the Dendrite
Hermogius
John and Paul
José María Robles Hurtado (one of Saints of the Cristero War)
Josemaría Escrivá
Vigilius of Trent
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Isabel Florence Hapgood (Episcopal Church)
Eastern Orthodox
Saints
Venerable David of Thessalonica (540)
Saint John, bishop of the Goths in Crimea (8th c.)
Saint Dionysius of Suzdal, archbishop (1385)
New Martyr David of St. Anne's Skete on Mount Athos,
martyred in Thessalonica
Saint Serapion of Kozha Lake
Saint Anthion, monk
Saint John, bishop of the Goths in Crimea (8th c.)
Saint Dionysius of Suzdal, archbishop (1385)
New Martyr David of St. Anne's Skete on Mount Athos,
martyred in Thessalonica
Saint Serapion of Kozha Lake
Saint Anthion, monk
Other commemorations
Kazan Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos: "Of the Seven Lakes"
Translation of the relics of Saint Tikhon of Luchov
Translation of the relics of Saint Tikhon of Luchov
Syriac Orthodox Church
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