428 – Nestorius becomes Patriarch of Constantinople.
837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
879 – Louis III and Carloman II become joint Kings of the Western Franks.
1407 – The lama Deshin Shekpa visits the Ming Dynasty capital at Nanjing. He is awarded the title "Great Treasure Prince of Dharma".
1500 – Ludovico Sforza is captured by Swiss troops at Novara and is handed over to the French.
1606 – The Virginia Company of London is established by royal charter by James I of England with the purpose of establishing colonial settlements in North America.
1710 – The Statute of Anne, the first law regulating copyright, comes into force in Great Britain.
1741 – War of the Austrian Succession (Dec 16, 1740 – Oct 18, 1748): defeat for Austria at Mollwitz.
1778 – American Naval Commander John Paul Jones and 140 seamen set out from Brest, France in the USS Ranger to attack British vessels near their home turf, the British Isles.
1790 – The U.S. Patent system is formed.
1809 – Napoleonic Wars: The War of the Fifth Coalition begins when forces of the Austrian Empire invade Bavaria.
1815 – The Mount Tambora volcano begins a three-month-long eruption, lasting until July 15. This eruption – on Sumbawa Island, east of Java in what is today Indonesia – ultimately kills 71,000 people and dumps an estimated 160 cubic kilometers (38 cubic miles) of melted rock and ash onto the surrounding countryside and into the air. By some estimates, it is the largest volcanic eruption in recorded history, affecting Earth's climate for the next two years. It sent so much crud into the atmosphere that it blocked the sun, leading to 1816 becoming known as the Year Without a Summer.
1816 – The Federal government of the United States approves the creation of the Second Bank of the United States.
1821 – Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is hanged by the Ottoman government from the main gate of the Patriarchate and his body is thrown into the Bosphorus.
1826 – The 10,500 inhabitants of the Greek town of Missolonghi begin leaving the town after a year's siege by Turkish forces. Very few of them survive.
1856 – The Theta Chi fraternity is founded at Norwich University in Vermont.
1858 – After the original Big Ben, a 14.5 tonnes (32,000 lb) bell for the Palace of Westminster had cracked during testing, it is recast into the current 13.76 tonnes (30,300 lb) bell by Whitechapel Bell Foundry.
1864 – Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg is proclaimed emperor of Mexico during the French intervention in Mexico.
1865 – American Civil War: A day after his surrender to Union forces, Confederate General Robert E. Lee addresses his troops for the last time.
1866 – The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh.
1868 – At Arogee in Abyssinia, British and Indian forces defeat an army of Emperor Tewodros II. While 700 Ethiopians are killed and many more injured, only two British/Indian troops die.
1872 – The first Arbor Day is celebrated in Nebraska.
1887 – On Easter Sunday, Pope Leo XIII authorizes the establishment of The Catholic University of America.
1904 – British mystic Aleister Crowley transcribes the third and final chapter of The Book of the Law.
1912 – The British liner RMS Titanic set sail from Southampton, England on its ill-fated maiden voyage.
1913 – The New York Highlanders play their first MLB game as the New York Yankees at Griffith Stadium.
1916 – The Professional Golfers' Association of America (PGA) is created in New York City.
1919 – Mexican Revolution leader Emiliano Zapata is ambushed and shot dead by government forces in Morelos.
1925 – The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is first published in New York City, by Charles Scribner's Sons.
1933 – President Franklin D. Roosevelt established the Civilian Conservation Corps, designed to put unemployed Americans to work during the Great Depression. By the time the CCC was disbanded in 1942 at the outset of World War Two, it had employed more than three million men.
1941 – World War II: The Axis powers in Europe establish the Independent State of Croatia from occupied Yugoslavia with Ante Pavelić's Ustaše fascist insurgents in power.
1944 – Rudolf Vrba and Alfréd Wetzler escape from the Birkenau death camp.
1953 – Warner Bros. premieres the first 3-D film from a major American studio, entitled House of Wax.
1957 – The Suez Canal is reopened for all shipping after being closed for three months.
1959 – Akihito, future Emperor of Japan, marries Michiko.
1963 – One hundred twenty-nine American sailors die when the submarine USS Thresher sinks at sea.
1968 – New Zealand inter-island ferry TEV Wahine founders and sinks at the mouth of Wellington Harbour.
1970 – Paul McCartney announces that he is leaving The Beatles for personal and professional reasons.
1971 – Ping-pong diplomacy: In an attempt to thaw relations with the United States, the People's Republic of China hosts the U.S. table tennis team for a week-long visit.
1972 – Twenty days after he is kidnapped in Buenos Aires, Oberdan Sallustro is murdered by communist guerrillas.
1972 – Tombs containing bamboo slips, among them Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's lost military treatise, are accidentally discovered by construction workers in Shandong.
1972 – Vietnam War: For the first time since November 1967, American B-52 bombers reportedly begin bombing North Vietnam.
1972 – Seventy-four nations sign the Biological Weapons Convention, the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning the production of biological weapons.
1973 – A British Vickers Vanguard turboprop aircraft crashes in a snowstorm at Basel, Switzerland killing 104 people.
1979 – Red River Valley tornado outbreak: A tornado lands in Wichita Falls, Texas killing 42 people.
1988 – The Ojhri Camp disaster: Killing more than 1,000 people in Rawalpindi and Islamabad as a result of rockets and other munitions expelled by the blast.
1991 – Italian ferry MS Moby Prince collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off Livorno, Italy killing 140.
1991 – A rare tropical storm develops in the South Atlantic Ocean near Angola; the first to be documented by satellites.
1998 – Northern Ireland peace deal reached (Good Friday Agreement).
2005 – Tiger Woods won his fourth Masters with a spectacular finish of birdies and bogeys.
2009 – President of Fiji Ratu Josefa Iloilo announces he will suspend the constitution and assume all governance in the country, creating a constitutional crisis.
2010 – Polish Air Force Tu-154M crashes near Smolensk, Russia, killing 96 people, including Polish President Lech Kaczyński and dozens of other senior officials
2013 – A towering wall of dirt and rocks gave way and crashed down the side of Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah. It was the largest non-volcanic landslides in the history of North America. University of Utah researchers later reported that the landslide – which moved at an average of almost 70 mph and reached estimated speeds of at least 100 mph – left a deposit so large it would cover New York’s Central Park with about 20 meters (66 feet) of debris.
2012 – Rick Santorum quit the presidential race, clearing the way for Mitt Romney to claim the Republican nomination.
2014 – Kathleen Sebelius resigns as Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, in light of fallout from the botched rollout of HealthCare.gov.
2019 – Scientists released the first image ever made of a black hole.
Saints' Days and Holy Days
Traditional Western
Contemporary Western
Fulbert of Chartres
James, Azadanus and Abdicius
James, Azadanus and Abdicius
Anglican, Episcopal, Lutheran
Mikael Agricola (Lutheran)
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (Episcopal Church)
William of Ockham (Anglicanism)
William Law (Anglican Communion)
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (Episcopal Church)
William of Ockham (Anglicanism)
William Law (Anglican Communion)
Eastern Orthodox
Saints
Prophetess Huldah (Olda) (IV Kings 22:14)
Martyrs Terence, Africanus, Maximus, Pompeius, and 36 others,
including Zeno, Alexander, and Theodore, at Carthage (250)
Saint Miltiades, Pope of Rome (314)
Hieromartyrs James the Presbyter, and the Deacons Azadanes
and Abdicius, of Persia (ca. 380)
Martyrs Terence, Africanus, Maximus, Pompeius, and 36 others,
including Zeno, Alexander, and Theodore, at Carthage (250)
Saint Miltiades, Pope of Rome (314)
Hieromartyrs James the Presbyter, and the Deacons Azadanes
and Abdicius, of Persia (ca. 380)
Pre-Schism Western Saints
Martyrs of Rome (ca. 115)
Saint Palladius, Abbot of St Germanus in Auxerre, where became bishop
and founded several monasteries (661)
Martyrs Beocca, Ethor and others, at Chertsey Abbey, by the Danes (869)
Saint Bede the Younger, a court official who became a monk at the monastery
of Gavello near Rovigo (883)
Saint Macarius of Antioch (1012)
Saint Palladius, Abbot of St Germanus in Auxerre, where became bishop
and founded several monasteries (661)
Martyrs Beocca, Ethor and others, at Chertsey Abbey, by the Danes (869)
Saint Bede the Younger, a court official who became a monk at the monastery
of Gavello near Rovigo (883)
Saint Macarius of Antioch (1012)
Post-Schism Orthodox Saints
The Holy Martyrs of Kvabtakhevi Monastery (Georgia), who suffered
during the invasion of Tamerlane (1386)
Nun-martyr Anastasia, Abbess, and 34 nuns with her, of Uglich (1609)
Venerable martyrs of the Daou Penteli Monastery, in Penteli, by Algerian
pirate raiders, (end-17th c.)
New Martyr George of Cyprus, at Acre (Palestine) (1753)
New Martyr Demos (Demetrios) of Smyrna (1763)
New Hieromartyr Gregory V, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1821)
New Monk-martyr Chrysanthus of Xenophontos monastery, Mt. Athos (1821)
during the invasion of Tamerlane (1386)
Nun-martyr Anastasia, Abbess, and 34 nuns with her, of Uglich (1609)
Venerable martyrs of the Daou Penteli Monastery, in Penteli, by Algerian
pirate raiders, (end-17th c.)
New Martyr George of Cyprus, at Acre (Palestine) (1753)
New Martyr Demos (Demetrios) of Smyrna (1763)
New Hieromartyr Gregory V, Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople (1821)
New Monk-martyr Chrysanthus of Xenophontos monastery, Mt. Athos (1821)
New Martyrs and Confessors
New Hieromartyr Flegont Pongilsky, Priest (1938)
Martyr Demetrius Vdovin (1942)
Martyr Demetrius Vdovin (1942)
Other commemorations
Consecration of Ioasaph (Bolotov) as Bishop of Kodiak, Alaska (1799)
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